scholarly journals Child Protection Inequalities in New Zealand: Exploring Relationships with Social Gradient Using National Linked Administrative Datasets

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Davie ◽  
Emily Keddell ◽  
Dave Barson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Small Area Level

IntroductionContact with child protection systems are a key site of the expression of social inequalities. ‘Child welfare inequalities’ by deprivation have been documented in a number of countries including the United Kingdom. The size and nature of this relationship is sparse in the New Zealand system context. Objectives and ApproachThe integration of data routinely collected by NZ’s Ministry for Children into Statistics NZ’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) provided the opportunity to examine how child protection data relates to deprivation and location. Anonymised person-level data in the IDI was used to obtain a population-based retrospective sample of children estimated to be resident in NZ in 2013/2014 and less than 17 years of age. Using pre-linked data in the IDI, all children with at least one of three child protection outcomes in 2013/2014 were ascertained. Deprivation was assessed using a small-area level national index derived from census data. The most recent residential address recorded in the IDI was used to assign deprivation deciles to each child based on the small area in which they lived. ResultsOf 1,016,928 children, 13,851 had had at least one substantiation of interest, the least serious of the outcomes considered. Compared to children living in the least deprived quintile of small areas, children in the most deprived quintile had 13.1 times (95%CI for Incidence Rate Ratio 12.0, 14.4) the rate of substantiation, 18.0 times (95%CI 15.4, 20.8) the rate of a family group conference, and 6.5 times (95%CI 5.6, 7.6) their rate of placement in foster care. Conclusion / ImplicationsA marked relationship was observed between small-area deprivation and child protection contact. Action is needed to address the causes of deprivation, provide services that respond to families living in poverty, and examine carefully the interactions between demand and supply of services across deprivation levels.

Estimating and projecting the populations of urban communities

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1671-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Rees
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Small Areas

The author describes a model for estimating and projecting the populations of communities living in small areas within cities. The model provides a means of updating the demographic inputs needed for projection between censuses and means of developing scenarios of demographic change and housing development. The method for estimating small-area populations between censuses is evaluated with recently published 1991 Census data. Single-year age-group detail is provided and the associated databases are embedded in a flexible user interface. Illustrative projections are discussed and interpreted for the northern English city of Bradford.

Understanding Parental education and health of Pacific families: Background and study protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 233-244
Author(s):  
Jesse Kokaua ◽  
Seini Jensen ◽  
Reremoana Theodore ◽  
Debbie Sorensen ◽  
Wilmason Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Child Health Outcomes ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Christian Beliefs

Nakiro'anga ite au meitaki o tei 'āpi'i ia no te ora'anga pu'apinga no tātou te Vakevake a Te Moana Nui o Kiva e no'o nei i Aotearoa (Meitaki o te ‘Api'i) is a programme of research examining the benefits of education to health outcomes for Pacific families in Aotearoa using the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) and it is an Health Research Council Pacific post-doctoral project. As a part of Meitaki o te ‘Api'i, the present study plans to investigate the relationship between parental education and child health outcomes in Pacific families. Using linked health, income, and Census data, the present study will model the influence of parental education levels on child health outcomes adjusted for other key factors. In this methodological paper, we provide details about this project that is in a relatively new data space for Pacific research and we describe our participants. Most children in the study were born in New Zealand and nearly all could speak English. Pacific children were slightly younger, more likely to be able to speak a Pacific or other languages, and most likely to live in areas of socio-ecenomic deprivation compared to non-Pacific children. Pacific children who identified with solely Pacific and Pacific with other ethnicities. Parents of children with solely Pacific ethnicity, more than a third of whom were born in New Zealand, over 60% spoke a Pacific language and four out of five held christian beliefs. By comparison, parents of children with Pacific with other ethnicities were; younger, New Zealand born, less likely to speak another language and half held christian beliefs. Compared with parents of children from Other ethnicities, parents of Pacific children had lower median incomes, were less likely to own their home and had fewer total years of education. It is important to note that the overall purpose of this study is not to highlight the differences between Pacific and other non Pacific families, but to look at the relationship between parental education and the health of children.

scholarly journals Analysis of Small Area Environmental, Socioeconomic and Health Data in Collaboration with Local Communities to Target and Evaluate ‘Triple Win’ Interventions in a Deprived Community in Birmingham UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Saunders ◽  
Paul Campbell ◽  
Mark Webster ◽  
Michael Thawe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
City Council ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Health It ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Small Area Level

The contemporary environment is a complex of interactions between physical, biological and socioeconomic systems with major impacts on public health. It is well understood that deprived communities are more exposed to negative environmental and social factors, more susceptible to the effects of those exposures, more excluded from access to positive factors, less able to change their circumstances and consequently experience worse health, economic and social outcomes compared to the more affluent. Welsh House Farm estate in Birmingham is one of the most deprived areas in Europe. An alliance between a local charity, City Council Public Health and a University in collaboration with the local community has accessed, analysed and mapped a range of health, social and economic factors at small area level, identifying areas where the community experience is unacceptably worse than other parts of Birmingham and therefore requiring targeted interventions. We make specific recommendations for coordinated action addressing the living, moving and consuming domains of residents’ lives and have also identified positive aspects of life on the estate to celebrate. This pilot demonstrates the utility and cost-effectiveness of local collaboration to identify and target health, environmental and social inequalities informed by local concerns.

scholarly journals Comparison of three small-area mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio, comparative mortality figure, and life expectancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikhan Kim ◽  
Hwa-Kyung Lim ◽  
Hee-Yeon Kang ◽  
Young-Ho Khang
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Mortality Figure ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Small Area Level ◽  
Mortality Ratio

Abstract Background: This study aimed to compare three small-area level mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), comparative mortality figure (CMF), and life expectancy (LE) by urbanity.Methods: We utilized the National Health Information Database to obtain annual small-area level age-specific numbers of population and deaths in Korea between 2013 and 2017. First, differences in the SMR by urbanity were examined, assuming the same age-specific mortality rates in all small-areas. Second, we explored the differences in ranking obtained using the three metrics (SMR, CMF, and LE). Third, the ratio of CMF to SMR by population was analyzed according to urbanity.Results: We found that the age-specific population distributions in urbanized areas were similar, but rural areas had a relatively old population structure. The age-specific mortality ratio also differed by urbanity. Assuming the same rate of age-specific mortality across all small-areas, we found that comparable median values in all areas. However, areas with a high SMR showed a strong predominance of metropolitan areas. The ranking by SMR differed markedly from the rankings by CMF and LE, especially in areas of high mortality, while the latter two metrics did not differ notably. The ratio of CMF to SMR showed larger variations in small-areas in rural areas, particularly in those with small populations, than in metropolitan and urban areas.Conclusions: In a comparison of multiple SMRs, bias could exist if the study areas have large differences in population structure. The use of CMF or LE should be considered for comparisons if it is possible to acquire age-specific mortality data for each small-area.

scholarly journals Understanding the coverage of Statistics New Zealand's Integrated Data Infrastructure

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Minshall ◽  
Antony Gomez ◽  
Bycroft Christine
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Education Data ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTObjectivesStatistics New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) combines information from a range of government agencies (such as tax, health and education data) in order to provide the insights government needs to improve social and economic outcomes for New Zealanders. New Zealand has no national population register or unique identifier used in common across these multiple data sources, and probabilistic linkages are a feature of the IDI. A challenge for researchers is to understand the impact of linkage errors and coverage issues present in the linked data, and to develop the rules necessary to define their target population. We outline the statistical infrastructure Statistics New Zealand is developing to help researchers navigate these issues. ApproachA method has been developed to identify NZ residents at a given time from the much larger number of individuals present in the IDI. Census data linked to the IDI offers insight into the coverage of key population groups and the quality of the attribute information held in the IDI (e.g. location and ethnicity). We are assessing ways that Statistics New Zealand could use these findings to assist researchers in forming their population of interest and assess the potential for bias. ResultsThe derived administrative resident population is compared with the official population figures and patterns of under- and over-coverage are identified at an aggregate, and individual level. Some coverage discrepancies may be improved through reducing linkage errors. Comparison with census data reveals some significant quality issues with location and ethnicity variables in administrative collections. Work is underway to improve methods for combining information from multiple sources of varying quality. ConclusionIdentifying NZ residents at a given time, and quantifying errors in administrative data sources will assist researchers ability to recognise and adjust for these errors in their analysis. Simply quantifying (often for the first time) the limitations of administrative sources also provides impetus to improving the collection of these variables at source.

Social Inclusion of Australian Children in the Digital Age

2014 ◽  
pp. 164-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Daly ◽  
Cathy Honge Gong ◽  
Anni Dugdale ◽  
Annie Abello
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Small Area Level ◽  
Regional Australia ◽  
At Home

This chapter presents evidence on the access to the Internet for Australian children aged 5-15 years at a small area level, based mainly on the 2006 census data. It shows that there are areas of Australia, particularly in regional Australia, that have relatively low proportions of children who have access to the Internet at home. The geographical distribution of these areas is correlated with risk of social exclusion as measured by Child Social Exclusion Index. There was also a positive correlation between the proportion of children in an area with access to the Internet at home and average educational outcomes. The chapter concludes that there is some evidence of a digital divide for Australian children based on location of residence and socio-economic factors, which may have significant implications for children's ability to participate in society both now and in the future, and this requires further research.

scholarly journals Progress Towards Using Linked Population-Based Data For Geohealth Research: Comparisons Of Aotearoa New Zealand And The United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Oldroyd ◽  
M. Hobbs ◽  
M. Campbell ◽  
V. Jenneson ◽  
M. A. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The University

AbstractGlobally, geospatial concepts are becoming increasingly important in epidemiological and public health research. Individual level linked population-based data afford researchers with opportunities to undertake complex analyses unrivalled by other sources. However, there are significant challenges associated with using such data for impactful geohealth research. Issues range from extracting, linking and anonymising data, to the translation of findings into policy whilst working to often conflicting agendas of government and academia. Innovative organisational partnerships are therefore central to effective data use. To extend and develop existing collaborations between the institutions, in June 2019, authors from the Leeds Institute for Data Analytics and the Alan Turing Institute, London, visited the Geohealth Laboratory based at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. This paper provides an overview of insight shared during a two-day workshop considering aspects of linked population-based data for impactful geohealth research. Specifically, we discuss both the collaborative partnership between New Zealand’s Ministry of Health (MoH) and the University of Canterbury’s GeoHealth Lab and novel infrastructure, and commercial partnerships enabled through the Leeds Institute for Data Analytics and the Alan Turing Institute in the UK. We consider the New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure as a case study approach to population-based linked health data and compare similar approaches taken by the UK towards integrated data infrastructures, including the ESRC Big Data Network centres, the UK Biobank, and longitudinal cohorts. We reflect on and compare the geohealth landscapes in New Zealand and the UK to set out recommendations and considerations for this rapidly evolving discipline.

scholarly journals Small area-level socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality within 10years in a population-based cohort of women: Data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Brennan-Olsen ◽  
Lana J. Williams ◽  
Kara L. Holloway ◽  
Sarah M. Hosking ◽  
Amanda L. Stuart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Population Based ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Small Area Level ◽  
Geelong Osteoporosis Study

scholarly journals Harm, care and babies: An inequalities and policy discourse perspective on recent child protection trends in Aotearoa New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Keddell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Children In Care

INTRODUCTION: Examining basic trends in child protection statistics give some insight into the functioning of the system overall.METHODS: This article uses Official Information Act and publicly available data to examine recent trends of children in contact with the Aotearoa New Zealand child protection system.It discusses these trends with reference to child protection policy reforms, and an inequalities perspective.FINDINGS: There has been an increase of children in care despite steady reductions in hospitalisations for physical abuse and possibly child deaths, accepted reports of concern, abuse substantiations and entries to care. The increase is caused by fewer children exiting care, particularly for children under 10 years old. There is a 33% increase in babies removed; this is regionalised and with more use of legal orders on unborn, as opposed to older babies. Disproportionality for Māori is increasing, while other groups remain stable or reduce. The use of kinship care has increased.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE OR POLICY: Changes in rates of contact with the child protection system reflect complex interactions between demand and supply of services, social inequalities, the policy context and practice logics. Changing decision-making at intake reflects tightening criteria to focus on only the highest risk families. However, “supply” policies that focus on early removal to permanency and early-intervention discourses may result in an increasein younger children entering care, and staying longer once they get there. “Demand” policies affecting preventive service provision, social protections and institutionalised bias may also be contributors. More research is needed to fully understand these patterns.

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