scholarly journals Mainstream economics and the Austrian school: toward reunification

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam K. Pham
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Revealed Preference ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Philosophical Foundation ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
Research Paradigms

In this paper, I compare the methodology of the Austrian school to two alternative methodologies from the economic mainstream: the 'orthodox' and revealed preference methodologies. I argue that Austrian school theorists should stop describing themselves as 'extreme apriorists' (or writing suggestively to that effect), and should start giving greater acknowledgement to the importance of empirical work within their research program. The motivation for this dialectical shift is threefold: the approach is more faithful to their actual practices, it better illustrates the underlying similarities between the mainstream and Austrian research paradigms, and it provides a philosophical foundation that is much more plausible in itself.

Technical or political? The socialist economic calculation debate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Camarinha Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Socialist Economic ◽  
Technical Terms

Abstract The paper presents both the key arguments and the historical context of the socialist economic calculation debate. I argue that Oskar Lange presented the most developed strategy to deal with bourgeois economics, decisively helping to create the scientific consensus that rational economic calculation under socialism is possible. Lange’s arguments based on standard economic theory reveal that the most ardent defenders of capitalism cannot reject socialism on technical terms and that, as a consequence, the Austrian School was left with no choice but to diverge from mainstream economics in its search to develop a framework that could support its political position. This shows that Mises’ challenge from 1920 was solved and has been replaced by a political posture developed by Hayek and leading Austrians economists, who have been struggling since the 1980s to revise the standard interpretation of the socialist economic calculation debate. I argue that this revision should not be uncritically accepted and conclude that socialism cannot be scientifically rejected; it can only be politically rejected, by those whose economic interests it opposes.

scholarly journals Medical Genetic Research on the Amish: From Genetic Tourism to Community Health Centers

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoshana Tell
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Community Health Centers ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Medical Genetic ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

In the 1960s, Victor McKusick inaugurated the Amish medicalgenetic tourist research program in order to learn moreabout the relationship between genes and human disease.However, Amish mistrust of outsiders and frustration at beingexploited by tourism, as well as other cultural and historicalfactors, would ultimately result in the transformation of medicalgenetic research paradigms from genetic tourism to communityhealth centers. Over time, Amish community healthclinics, partially funded by the Amish themselves, were establishedin Pennsylvania and Ohio. These clinics, which are longtermcenters dedicated to primary care and advanced medicalgenetic research, give the Amish a sense of agency. Doctorsfrom these clinics have achieved numerous medical breakthroughsthat were possible only as a result of their long-termcare of patients. This transition to Amish community healthclinics illustrates the successes science and medicine canachieve when they are sensitive to unique population needs.

Bodies in plural

Thesis Eleven ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Bottici
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Feminist Research ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Race And Sexuality ◽  
Philosophical Framework ◽  
Conceptual Resources

In the last few years, it has become a commonplace to state that domination takes place through a multiplicity of axes, where gender, class, race, and sexuality intersect with one another. While a lot of insightful empirical work is being done under the heading of intersectionality, it is very rarely linked to the anarchist tradition that preceded it. In this article, I would like to articulate this point by showing the usefulness but also the limits of the notion of intersectionality to understand mechanisms of domination and then move on to argue for the need of an anarcha-feminist research program. Secondly, I will try to provide the philosophical framework for such an enterprise by arguing that it is in a Spinozist ontology of the transindividual that we can best find the conceptual resources for thinking about the plural nature of women’s bodies and thus of their oppression. This will allow me to attempt to articulate the question of ‘what it means to be a woman’ in pluralistic terms and thus also to defend a specifically feminist form of anarchism. In conclusion, I will go back to the anarcha-feminist tradition and will show why today it is the best possible ally of feminism in the pursuit of a critical theory of society.

scholarly journals Cultural Schemas: What They Are, How to Find Them, and What to Do Once You’ve Caught One

2021 ◽  
pp. 000312242110245
Author(s):  
Andrei Boutyline ◽  
Laura K. Soter
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Cultural Schemas ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Cultural schemas are a central cognitive mechanism through which culture affects action. In this article, we develop a theoretical model of cultural schemas that is better able to support empirical work, including inferential, sensitizing, and operational uses. We propose a multilevel framework centered on a high-level definition of cultural schemas that is sufficiently broad to capture its major sociological applications but still sufficiently narrow to identify a set of cognitive phenomena with key functional properties in common: cultural schemas are socially shared representations deployable in automatic cognition. We use this conception to elaborate the main theoretical properties of cultural schemas, and to provide clear criteria that distinguish them from other cultural or cognitive elements. We then propose a series of concrete tests empirical scholarship can use to determine if these properties apply. We also demonstrate how this approach can identify potentially faulty theoretical inferences present in existing work. Moving to a lower level of analysis, we elaborate how cultural schemas can be algorithmically conceptualized in terms of their building blocks. This leads us to recommend improvements to methods for measuring cultural schemas. We conclude by outlining questions for a broader research program.

The Concept of Compensation in Cognitive Aging: The Case of Prose Processing in Adulthood

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Dixon ◽  
Lars Bäckman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
On Line ◽  
Line Observation

Although the rule of cognitive aging appears to be one of generalized decline with advancing age, much recent theoretical and empirical work has addressed a variety of potential exceptions to this rule. One mechanism through which decline might not be experienced is known as compensation. We describe a conceptualization of compensation that applies to lifespan cognitive development, in general, and the aging of prose processing skills, in particular. Our model of the forms and processes of compensation directs attention to the developing dynamics of cognitive skills and compensatory mechanisms. We outline three main approaches to research on compensation in cognitive aging: a) the logical experimental, b) on-line observation and manipulation, and c) several verbal report procedures. In summarizing our own research program, we emphasize that a) each of these approaches can render valuable information, b) each have some limitations, and c) there are potential theoretical benefits from employing more than one of them in a given study.

scholarly journals Ludwig Lachmann and the Austrians

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
Peter Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Academic Work ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Intellectual Community ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
Austrian School Of Economics ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Ludwig Lachmann looked to the Austrian School of economics as an intellectual space of refuge from the sterile formalism that constituted the academic work of the mainstream economics establishment. From an early interest in capital-theory, he moved to broader epistemological, methodological, and institutional concerns – specifically, from the subjectivism of values to the subjectivism of expectations and the implications thereof for human action. Human action in disequilibrium was his central focus. This paper examines the relationship of Lachmann’s views to the Austrians, those who preceded him, those of his time, and those who have come after him. During his lifetime his views sometimes provoked controversy. I examine this from the perspective of 2017 and the concerns of the modern Austrian intellectual community and find that Lachmann’s views are surprisingly much more complementary to those of his contemporary Austrians than has perhaps hitherto been realized.

scholarly journals Gondolkodásegyszerűsítő stratégiák hatékonysága (Simplifying decision strategies and their effectiveness)

2011 ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Bálint Esse
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Decision Heuristics ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Rationality Theory

A szerző a megelégedésre törekvő döntéshozatalt és eszközeinek, az egyszerűsítő döntési stratégiáknak a hatékonysági kérdéseit tárgyalja. Az egyszerűsítő stratégiáknak és az alkalmazásukat támogató attitűdnek nemcsak az időt, hanem az információkeresés és - feldolgozás egyéb költségvonzatait is tekintetbe véve számos előnyük van. A szerző a szakirodalom rendszerezésével rávilágít az egyéni szintű leegyszerűsítések természetére és pozitív hatásaikra. A bevezetést és a meghatározásokat követően az egyszerűsítő stratégiák hatékonysági kérdéseit tárgyalja a környezeti tényezők függvényében, majd a döntéshozó személyiségét és pszichológiai jóllétét érintő összefüggésekről ír. A tanulmány végén folyamatban lévő empirikus kutatásának kérdéseire tér rá, mely kutatás az üzleti gyakorlat empirikus vizsgálatával kíván hozzájárulni az eddig főként laboratóriumi kísérletek eredményeire épülő tudáshoz. ___________ Placing itself in the domain of bounded rationality theory, the article deals with the advantages of satisficing and of using decision heuristics. As to the approach to decision heuristics, the author stands on the positive side, not focusing on biases, but showing interest in the effectiveness potential in heuristics. As a review of recent literature, the article deals with different advantages of satisficing and of using simplifying strategies, be it cognitive advantages, the effectiveness, or advantages concerning the psychological well-being of the decision maker. Actual research questions of the „adaptive toolbox” approach, and the problem of determination by personality traits are presented based on the review of recent research results. Further research directions are indicated after the review. By presenting his research questions the author shows how he is willing to enrich the results of this research program by his own empirical work.

scholarly journals Anti-democratic revolutionaries or democratic reformers? A review essay of Janek Wasserman’s The Marginal Revolutionaries: How Austrian Economists Fought the War of Ideas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Kolev
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Review Essay ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Cultural Embeddedness

AbstractThis paper provides a critical reading of Janek Wasserman’s The Marginal Revolutionaries: How Austrian Economists Fought the War of Ideas. Wasserman depicts the evolution of the Austrian School from the 1860s until today, a particularly illuminating narrative for the readers of this journal. The breadth of portrayed economists, their cultural embeddedness in Austrian and US contexts, and the complexity of configurations across the school’s generations create a rich and readable story. The last third of the book suffers from allegations about the ideological agenda and institutional power of the Austrian economists which sometimes lack sufficient substantiation. The paper indicates how both in their theorizing and in their political activities, the Austrian economists can be seen as reformers instead of revolutionaries, and as constitutionalists instead of anti-democrats. Despite these disagreements, Wasserman’s portrayals evoke largely fair and challenging impulses both to scholars working in the Austrian research program and to those interested in the Austrian School’s long history, regardless of one’s ideological positions.

Early Economic Sociology and Contextual Economics: The Weber-Wieser Connection

2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Stefan Kolev
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Economic Sociology ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Social Economics ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Historical School ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper addresses the parallel emergence of economic sociology within the Younger Historical School and the Austrian School. It reconstructs biographically the relationship of two key economic sociologists: Max Weber (1864–1920) and Friedrich von Wieser (1851–1926). Reconstructing Weber’s interactions with the Austrian economists and the joint pursuit of the research program “Social Economics” is illuminating for Weber’s attitude to economics and helps to correct clichés about the irreconcilability between the schools. For contextual economics, understanding the “outsourcing” of contextualism into sociology initiated in the age of Weber and Wieser can be decisive for the future “re-import” into economics. JEL Codes: A11, B13, B15, B25, B31, P16, Z13

scholarly journals Off the beaten track: a reflection on intention and unpredictability in arts education research

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Kathleen Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Education Research ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Arts Education ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Beaten Track ◽  
A Site

The coherence of a ‘research program’ is often betrayed by the unanticipated turns and detours in arts research. The following article reflects upon the place of the unexpected in arts research, the alternative ways in which knowledge or ‘findings’ are often constructed, and the complexity of calibrating or measuring arts research for broader publics. UNESCO’s road map is seen here as a site for further deliberation, a point in time and space that should engage arts communities in rousing dialogue—locally and globally—about the convergences and divergences of our practices and research paradigms.

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