A Very Tentative Metaskeptical Endorsement of Eliminativism about Moral Responsibility

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamler Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
First Order ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Independent Property

This chapter argues that moral responsibility is not a mind-independent property like “transparent” that can be assigned objectively or universally when certain conditions are met. The answer to the question of whether we can be morally responsible boils down to a subjective all-things-considered judgment that takes many factors into account, including the ethical and practical consequences of each alternative. It examines the case for first-order skepticism or eliminativism about moral responsibility, and offers a very tentative endorsement of this position in the context of our environment, historical period, and circumstances. It begins by examining the moral and practical implications of denying moral responsibility and adopting the objective attitude on an exclusive basis. Next, it considers arguments that attempt to explain away or debunk the intuition that people can be morally responsible for their behavior. Finally, it discusses an important concession to compatibilism, one that prevents the author from arriving at a more confident endorsement of the eliminativist conclusion.

scholarly journals A secure and highly efficient first-order masking scheme for AES linear operations

Cybersecurity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingdian Ming ◽  
Yongbin Zhou ◽  
Huizhong Li ◽  
Qian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Provable Security ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Side Channel ◽  
First Order ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Device Independence ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Provably Secure

AbstractDue to its provable security and remarkable device-independence, masking has been widely accepted as a noteworthy algorithmic-level countermeasure against side-channel attacks. However, relatively high cost of masking severely limits its applicability. Considering the high tackling complexity of non-linear operations, most masked AES implementations focus on the security and cost reduction of masked S-boxes. In this paper, we focus on linear operations, which seems to be underestimated, on the contrary. Specifically, we discover some security flaws and redundant processes in popular first-order masked AES linear operations, and pinpoint the underlying root causes. Then we propose a provably secure and highly efficient masking scheme for AES linear operations. In order to show its practical implications, we replace the linear operations of state-of-the-art first-order AES masking schemes with our proposal, while keeping their original non-linear operations unchanged. We implement four newly combined masking schemes on an Intel Core i7-4790 CPU, and the results show they are roughly 20% faster than those original ones. Then we select one masked implementation named RSMv2 due to its popularity, and investigate its security and efficiency on an AVR ATMega163 processor and four different FPGA devices. The results show that no exploitable first-order side-channel leakages are detected. Moreover, compared with original masked AES implementations, our combined approach is nearly 25% faster on the AVR processor, and at least 70% more efficient on four FPGA devices.

Investigation on multilayer microstructure grating for three-port splitting

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (16) ◽  
pp. 1650195
Author(s):  
Wenhao Shu ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Hao Pei ◽  
Hongtao Li ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beam Splitter ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Zeroth Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Transmission Grating ◽  
Dielectric Layers ◽  
Incident Waves ◽  
Reflection Grating ◽  
Independent Property ◽  
Polarization Independent

A new structure of microstructure reflection three-port beam splitter grating is described in this paper. The grating includes two dielectric layers and a metal slab on the substrate, where incident waves are reflected into the zeroth-order and the ± first-order with polarization-independent property. With the optimized grating profile, reflection efficiencies’ ratios between the first-order and the zeroth-order can reach 0.998 and 1.001 for TE and TM polarizations, respectively. Especially, the reflection grating can diffract efficiencies more than 30% into the ± first-order and the zeroth-order with the incident angular bandwidth of −1.9–1.9[Formula: see text] for TM polarization, which can have merits compared with single-layer transmission grating.

scholarly journals Charting relationship marketing practice: it really didn’t emerge in the 1970s

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tadajewski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Relationship Marketing ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Marketing Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a history of relational perspectives in marketing practice from the nineteenth through to the twentieth century. Design/methodology/approach – This paper engages in a systematic reading of published histories of retailing practice using the key attributes of transaction and relationship marketing as a conceptual framework to interrogate whether earlier practitioners were committed to either approach. Findings – This paper supplements the studies conducted in other domains that undermine the idea that relational practices were rejected in favor of transaction-type approaches during the industrialization of the USA and Canada. Practical implications – The content of this paper provides textbook authors with a means to fundamentally revise the way they discuss relationship marketing. It has a similar pedagogic utility. Originality/value – This paper studies the writings of practitioners known to be pioneers of retailing to unravel their business philosophies, comparing and contrasting these to known attributes of relationship marketing. It deals with an historical period that has not previously been studied in this level of detail by marketing historians.

scholarly journals Challenges of the application of linguistic knowledge in the speech practice of the english language

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
Z. Zhelyazkova
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Intensive English ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Classroom Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Implications

The article attempts to outline the main characteristics and topics of English language teaching in the most recent historical period in the development of Bulgaria. It envisages the last two decades when intensive English language learning has become a priority, both social and institutional. Taking into account the nature of the language learning, the focus of interest is on the students' attitude to the subject, as well as the main difficulties experienced in the teacher-student interaction. The analysis of the data shows a balance between the teacher's intention and the learner's interpretation, which influences the end result – the actual mastery of the foreign language. The conclusion emphasizes the responsibility of the teacher to judge correctly what the student's expectations are, the freedom of variation that the curriculum gives them, as well as the practical implications of classroom processes for preparing the students for the outside world.

scholarly journals Understanding responsibility in Responsible AI. Dianoetic virtues and the hard problem of context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Constantinescu ◽  
Cristina Voinea ◽  
Radu Uszkai ◽  
Constantin Vică
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Design Ethics ◽  
Ethical Approaches ◽  
Aristotle's Ethics ◽  
The Hard Problem ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractDuring the last decade there has been burgeoning research concerning the ways in which we should think of and apply the concept of responsibility for Artificial Intelligence. Despite this conceptual richness, there is still a lack of consensus regarding what Responsible AI entails on both conceptual and practical levels. The aim of this paper is to connect the ethical dimension of responsibility in Responsible AI with Aristotelian virtue ethics, where notions of context and dianoetic virtues play a grounding role for the concept of moral responsibility. The paper starts by highlighting the important difficulties in assigning responsibility to either technologies themselves or to their developers. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to moral responsibility are then contrasted, as we explore how they could inform debates about Responsible AI. We highlight the limits of the former ethical approaches and build the case for classical Aristotelian virtue ethics. We show that two building blocks of Aristotle’s ethics, dianoetic virtues and the context of actions, although largely ignored in the literature, can shed light on how we could think of moral responsibility for both AI and humans. We end by exploring the practical implications of this particular understanding of moral responsibility along the triadic dimensions of ethics by design, ethics in design and ethics for designers.

The Multidimensional Structure of Math Anxiety Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Henschel ◽  
Thorsten Roick
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Math Anxiety ◽  
Mathematics Performance ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
First Order ◽  
Academic Settings ◽  
Mathematical Problems ◽  
Evaluation Anxiety ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. The study introduces a math anxiety scale that systematically addresses psychological components, including cognitive (worry) and affective (nervousness) math anxiety when dealing with mathematical problems in mathematics-related settings (concerning tests, teachers, learning in class, working with mathematics textbooks, mathematics homework, and applying mathematics in everyday life). Our results indicate a hierarchical structure of math anxiety. Specifically, cognitive and affective math anxiety at the second-order level each determined three setting factors at the first-order level concerning evaluation (tests, teachers), learning (in class, with mathematics books, and during homework), and application (applying mathematics in everyday life). Furthermore, girls reported higher math anxiety than boys, which was particularly pronounced in the affective scale and in high-stakes academic settings, such as those involving evaluation and learning. After controlling for mathematics performance, gender effects decreased in all sub-dimensions but remained significant in affective math evaluation anxiety. Practical implications and directions for further research on cognitive and affective math anxiety are discussed.

Aesthetics and Abstract Painting: Two Views

Philosophy ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 35 (133) ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Hepburn
Keyword(s):  
Art Criticism ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Abstract Painting ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
First Order ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
General Kind ◽  
Practical Implications

Aesthetic theories, like theories of morals, are roughly divisible into those that maintain an analytic neutrality and those that attempt to arrive at “first-order”, practical judgments. A philo sopher of language may confine the legitimate task of aesthetics to the clarification of talk about works of art and about the fashioning of works of art. But other aestheticians, perhaps a more numerous group, see their study as far more intimately related to art criticism, and as able, without the committing of naturalistic or any other fallacies, to reach particular aesthetic value-judgments. Between these extreme positions lies a great diversity of theories which, while clearly differentiating aesthetics from art criticism, still carry practical implications of a general kind. The conceptual scaffolding into which they fit the art-forms, their notion of what is central to aesthetic experience and what peripheral, their account of artistic creativity-all these can be indirectly evaluative, can subtly influence and alter one's responses to actual aesthetic objects.

Evolution of cybernetics: philosophical and methodological analysis

Kybernetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Lepskiy
Keyword(s):  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Scientific Rationality ◽  
Third Order ◽  
External Observer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Theoretical Conceptualization ◽  
Observing Systems

Purpose The aim of this paper is to elaborate the connection between the evolution of cybernetics and the development of scientific rationality (classical, non-classical, post-non-classical) and to emphasize the relevance of the formation of post-non-classical cybernetics for self-developing reflexive-active environment (the third-order cybernetics). Design/methodology/approach This paper includes interdisciplinary analysis of the evolution of cybernetics and possible directions of its development. Findings A connection between the types of scientific rationality (classical, non-classical and post-non-classical) and the stages of the development cybernetics is presented. Classical rationality is first-order cybernetics dealing with observed systems (an external observer). Non-classical rationality is second-order cybernetics dealing with observing systems (built-in observer). Post-non-classical rationality is third-order cybernetics dealing with the self-developing reflexive-active environment (distributed observer). Research limitations/implications This is an initial theoretical conceptualization, which needs a broader assessment and case studies. Practical implications This proposed direction for the analysis of cybernetics opens new approaches to social control on the basis of the subject-focused models and integration of traditional cybernetic tools. Social implications Third-order cybernetics will promote the development of civil society. Direct democracy receives new tools for development. Originality/value The value of this research is in the interdisciplinary analysis of the cybernetics evolution and in new possible directions for its development.

scholarly journals Foundations and Their Practical Implications for the Constitutive Coefficients of Poromechanical Dual-Continuum Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ashworth ◽  
Florian Doster
Keyword(s):  
Model Problem ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Continuum Models ◽  
Mechanical Interaction ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
First Order ◽  
Multiscale Systems ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract A dual-continuum model can offer a practical approach to understanding first-order behaviours of poromechanically coupled multiscale systems. To close the governing equations, constitutive equations with models to calculate effective constitutive coefficients are required. Several coefficient models have been proposed within the literature. However, a holistic overview of the different modelling concepts is still missing. To address this we first compare and contrast the dominant models existing within the literature. In terms of the constitutive relations themselves, early relations were indirectly postulated that implicitly neglected the effect of the mechanical interaction arising between continuum pressures. Further, recent users of complete constitutive systems that include inter-continuum pressure coupling have explicitly neglected these couplings as a means of providing direct relations between composite and constituent properties, and to simplify coefficient models. Within the framework of micromechanics, we show heuristically that these explicit decouplings are in fact coincident with bounds on the effective parameters themselves. Depending on the formulation, these bounds correspond to end-member states of isostress or isostrain. We show the impacts of using constitutive coefficient models, decoupling assumptions and parameter bounds on poromechanical behaviours using analytical solutions for a 2D model problem. Based on the findings herein, we offer recommendations for how and when to use different coefficient modelling concepts.

scholarly journals La Educación de las Personas Adultas en los Cincuenta Años de Historia Democrática en España.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (29) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Begoña Rumbo Arcas
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Adult Education ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Franco Regime ◽  
The Right ◽  
Practical Implications

The historical period in question is key for the Spanish political life and, consequently, for the educational policy of adult education. Thanks to its purpose of making the person literate, adult education is no longer at the service of any interest of the Franco regime and it is considered an education to compensate educational inequalities. The dream of freedom, which come with the first years of democracy, had its influence on education, recognizing the right that adults also must be educated. In almost 50 years of democracy, the alternation in power of the PSOE and the PP parties has produced a prolific national regulatory framework that is not without political and ideological disagreements. Also, Spain’s entry into the European Union directs the educational policies of our current educational system, influencing the way to address adult education affecting from transnational and cross-sector parameters, that seek efficiency and quality to be internationally competitive. The purpose of this article is to analyze the changes in the policies that govern the adult education in Spain and the conceptual consequences and practical implications derived in these fifty years of democracy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document