Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

scholarly journals Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rusek ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Justyna Leszczak ◽  
Marzena Adamczyk ◽  
Rafał Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The main goal of our study was to determine how the age of children, puberty and anthropometric parameters affect the formation of body composition and faulty body posture development in children. The secondary goal was to determine in which body segments abnormalities most often occur and how gender differentiates the occurrence of adverse changes in children’s body posture and body composition during puberty. The study group consisted of 464 schoolchildren aged from 6–16. Body posture was assessed with the Zebris system. The composition of the body mass was tested with Tanita MC 780 MA body mass analyzer and the body height was measured using a portable stadiometer PORTSTAND 210. The participants were further divided due to the age of puberty. Tanner division was adopted. The cut-off age for girls is ≥10 years and for boys it is ≥12 years. The analyses applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and the t-test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05. The pelvic obliquity was lower in older children (beta = −0.15). We also see that age played a significant role in the difference in the height of the right pelvis (beta = −0.28), and the difference in the height of the right shoulder (beta = 0.23). Regression analysis showed that the content of adipose tissue (FAT%) increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with increasing weight, age, and height. Moreover, the FAT% was lower in boys than in girls (beta negative equal to −0.39). It turned out that older children (puberty), had greater asymmetry in the right shoulder blade (p < 0.001) and right shoulder (p = 0.003). On the other hand, younger children (who were still before puberty) had greater anomalies in the left trunk inclination (p = 0.048) as well as in the pelvic obliquity (p = 0.008). Girls in puberty were characterized by greater asymmetry on the right side, including the shoulders (p = 0.001), the scapula (p = 0.001) and the pelvis (p < 0.001). In boys, the problem related only to the asymmetry of the shoulder blades (p < 0.001). Girls were characterized by a greater increase in adipose tissue and boys by muscle tissue. Significant differences also appeared in the body posture of the examined children. Greater asymmetry within scapulas and shoulders were seen in children during puberty. Therefore, a growing child should be closely monitored to protect them from the adverse consequences of poor posture or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body.

Demonstration of the relationship between MSD and online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kochu Therisa Karingada ◽  
Michael Sony
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic lockdown has caught many educational institutions by surprise and warranted an abrupt migration from offline to online learning. This has resulted in an education change, without any time for due consideration, as regards its impact on musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) on students. The purpose of this study is to investigate MSD related to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was conducted on undergraduate students in India. In total, 261 students participated in this online survey.FindingsThe study finds that around 80% of students have reported some symptom in the head, neck and eyes since they started online learning. In total, 58% have reported MSD symptom in the right shoulder and 56% in the right hand fingers. Besides, more than 40 % of students experienced some MSD symptoms, in almost all the body parts studied, due to online learning. Correlation analysis is conducted between time spent on online learning per day and MSD symptoms.Originality/valueThis is the first study conducted on MSD and online learning during COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Anatomical Variant of the Liver Blood Supply

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-423
Author(s):  
Ivan Maslarski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Cystic Artery ◽  
Anatomical Variant ◽  
Liver Transplantations ◽  
Right Lobe ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Radiological Procedures ◽  
Portal Region

Vascular variations are significant for liver transplantations, radiological procedures, laparoscopic method of operation and for the healing of penetrating injuries, including the space closer to the hepatic area. This variants are very common in the abdominal region, and their description will be useful. During a routine dissection of 73 year old female cadaver, we found on subhepatic region that the blood supply of the liver differed from a normal one. The difference was found in the absence of the right liver branch and the cystic artery, which normally arises from the common hepatic artery. After a detailed dissection of the superior mesenteric artery we distinguished a branch, which is routed to the right lobe of the liver. The diameter of this vessel is 3.7 mm and the length is 8.2 cm. In the artery pathway, three consecutive branches were observed. The first branch was found about 2.02 cm before the portal region of the liver. The second one became visible after another millimeter and finally the artery made one little curve and became a cystic artery.

scholarly journals Asymmetrical morphology and growth of the hermit crab Pagurus filholi (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridae) reared in non-dextral shell conditions

Crustaceana ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Imafuku ◽  
Hisakazu Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Hermit Crab ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Pagurus Filholi ◽  
Control Body ◽  
The Right ◽  
De Man ◽  
Major Cheliped

The body of a hermit crab shows asymmetrical morphology, which may be related to utilization of the dextral shell. To examine the effect of the shell, we reared Pagurus filholi (De Man, 1887) from the glaucothoe stage to full-sized adults, in a sinistral shell, in a straight tusk shell, without a shell, and in a normal dextral shell as a control. Body parts that show the most conspicuous asymmetry, uropods, pleopods and chelipeds, were checked at the time of the shedding of exuviae during rearing. No inversion of laterality on these characters was observed. However, in crabs subjected to conditions other than a dextral shell, the otherwise rather short right uropod became somewhat extended, and in those reared in sinistral shells, the right major cheliped was more enlarged.

Organ Vouchers and Barter Markets: Saving Lives, Reducing Suffering, and Trading in Human Organs

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Voucher Program ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Medicine And Philosophy ◽  
Transplantation System ◽  
The Right ◽  
Voucher System ◽  
Care Costs

AbstractThe essays in this issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy explore an innovative voucher program for encouraging kidney donation. Discussions cluster around a number of central moral and political/theoretical themes: (1) What are the direct and indirect health care costs and benefits of such a voucher system in human organs? (2) Do vouchers lead to more effective and efficient organ procurement and allocation or contribute to greater inequalities and inefficiencies in the transplantation system? (3) Do vouchers contribute to the inappropriate commodification of human body parts? (4) Is there a significant moral difference between such a voucher system and a market in human organs for transplantation? This paper argues that while kidney vouchers constitute a step in the right direction, fuller utilization of market-based incentives, including, but not limited to, barter exchanges (e.g., organ exchanges, organ chains, and organ vouchers), would save more lives and further reduce human suffering.

scholarly journals On the relation of cardioids to ellipses

1854 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 267-268
Keyword(s):  
Plane Section ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Curved Section ◽  
The Right

The object of this communication is to point out the relation of cardioids to ellipses, and that the former as well as the latter are related to and deducible from the cone. The author remarks that the motions of the common trammel show most beautifully the mechanical relation of ellipses and cardioids, and that they are thus reciprocals of each other; that an ellipse, as is well known, is a plane section , or a projection of a plane section of a cone upon any other plane, the limits being the circle and the right line; and a cardioid is also a projection from a cone; the difference being that the cardioid is obtained from a curved section, formed by the intersection of a sphere or other curved solid with a cone.

scholarly journals Measurement of Several Bodies Parts of Super Kampong Chicken Reared Intensively

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hasil Tamzil ◽  
Budi Indarsih
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chest Circumference ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Neck Length ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Individual Bird ◽  
The Right ◽  
Female Chicken

The study was designed to determine the size of some body parts of the Super Kampong chicken and its relationship with body weight. The study was conducted at the Teaching Farm of Animal Science Faculty, University of Mataram, in Lingsar Village, West Lombok. The study used 60 male and 96 female Super Kampong chickens which were maintained intensively. The variables observed were body weight, head circumference, neck length, wing length, back length, chest circumference, chest width, upper and lower thigh length, metatarsus length, metatarsus circumference, and third finger length. Measurements were made for each individual bird at 13 weeks of age using yarn then measured with a tape measure, while the dimension of chest width was assigned  by measuring the distance between the right and right sides of the chest using calipers. The results found that the body parts that had the biggest contribution to the body weight of the Super Kampong chickens at 13 weeks old were the size of the lower thigh length in the male chicken and the size of the chest circumference in the female chicken.

Comparing Violinists’ Body Movements While Standing, Sitting, and in Sitting Orientations to the Right or Left of a Music Stand

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Spahn ◽  
Céline Wasmer ◽  
Franziska Eickhoff ◽  
Manfred Nusseck
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Weight Distributions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stress And Health ◽  
3D Motion Capture

OBJECTIVES: For violinists, it is common practice to play while standing or sitting. When playing in an orchestra, generally two persons share one music stand, with one sitting to the right and the other to the left of the stand. The present study investigated specific movement patterns while playing in these different positions. METHODS: Using a posturographic device and 3D motion capture, the body weight distributions and specific body movements of 19 violinists were analyzed. RESULTS: Results showed unbalanced weight distributions while sitting in front of or oriented to the right of the music stand compared to the almost even distributions while standing or oriented to the left of the stand. Analyses of movement patterns showed significant differences between standing and sitting, mainly in the upper body parts with less movability while sitting. While sitting in front of or oriented to the right of the music stand, the right bowing arm showed more restricted movements compared to other positions. CONCLUSION: The playing positions are discussed with regard to possible physiological stress and health risks. The study emphasizes the importance of different playing positions and offers starting points for discussion of postural influences and sensible handling of the instrument in performance and practice for violinists.

Somatic Delusions in Schizophrenia and the Affective Psychoses

1995 ◽  
Vol 167 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain McGilchrist ◽  
John Cutting
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Right ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Research Diagnostic Criteria

BackgroundDelusions relating to the body, a ready source of information about the immediate experiences of psychotic patients, have not been systematically studied. We attempted an account of the phenomena, looking for differences between diagnostic groupings in the type and lateralisation of such phenomena, and for evidence of localisation.MethodSomatic delusions elicited at interview with 550 Research Diagnostic Criteria-diagnosed psychotic patients were categorised according to content, and the results were compared across diagnostic groupings.ResultsSignificant differences were demonstrated, both at the level of individual delusions and in the nature and overall pattern of such delusions. There were also differences between diagnostic groups in the choice of body parts involved. Among male patients there were significant differences in laterality between the groups, with schizophrenic subjects locating abnormal phenomena principally on the left and depressive subjects on the right. A provisional taxonomy of bodily delusions was developed.ConclusionPhenomenological differences between the psychoses were demonstrated and the results offer some support for current hypotheses of localisation of brain dysfunction in the psychotic illnesses.

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