Incentives Then and Now

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth W. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Behavioral Psychology ◽  
The Social

This chapter presents a historical account of the use of the term “incentives” and of the introduction of incentives in scientific management and behavioral psychology. “Incentives” came into the language in the early part of the twentieth century in America. During this period, the language of social control and of social engineering was quite prevalent, and incentives were understood to be one tool in the social engineers' toolbox—an instrument of power. Not coincidentally, incentives were also extremely controversial at this time and were criticized from several quarters as dehumanizing, manipulative, heartless, and exploitative. When incentives are viewed as instruments of power, the controversial ethical aspects of their use come readily to the fore.

Music in the British Workplace: From Voice to a Technique of Control?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Korczynski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social History ◽  
Singing Voice ◽  
Industrial Noise ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines music in the British workplace. It considers whether it is appropriate to see the history of music in the workplace as involving a journey from the organic singing voice (both literal and metaphorical) of workers to broadcast music appropriated by the powerful to become a technique of social control. The chapter charts four key stages in the social history of music in British workplaces. First, it highlights the existence of widespread cultures of singing at work prior to industrialization, and outlines the important meanings these cultures had for workers. Next, it outlines the silencing of the singing voice within the workplace further to industrialization—either from direct employer bans on singing, or from the roar of the industrial noise. The third key stage involves the carefully controlled employer- and state-led reintroduction of music in the workplace in the mid-twentieth century—through the centralized relaying of specific forms of music via broadcast systems in workplaces. The chapter ends with an examination of contemporary musicking in relation to (often worker-led) radio music played in workplaces.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 189-206
Author(s):  
Michael P. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Semiotic Systems ◽  
Oppressed Group

The conclusion revisits the three major inquiries addressed in the text, drawing together the evidence and contexts provided in the previous seven chapters. The first investigates the role of objective settings, such as the systemic and symbolic violence of landscapes and semiotic systems of racialization in justifying or triggering moments of explicit subjective violence such as the Lattimer Massacre. The second inquiry, traces the trajectory of immigrant groups into contemporary patriotic neoliberal subjects. In other terms, it asks how an oppressed group can become complicit with oppression later in history. The third inquiry traces the development of soft forms of social control and coercion across the longue durée of the twentieth century. Specifically, it asks how vertically integrated economic and governmental structures such as neoliberalism and governmentality which serve to stabilize the social antagonisms of the past are enunciated in everyday life.

scholarly journals Utopian/Dystopian Visions: Plato, Huxley, Orwell

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Nic Panagopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Sexual Politics ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
Utopian Thinking ◽  
Brave New World ◽  
The Republic

This paper attempts to theorize two twentieth-century fictional dystopias, Brave New World (2013) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984), using Plato’s political dialogues. It explores not only how these three authors’ utopian/dystopian visions compare as types of narrative, but also how possible, desirable, and useful their imagined societies may be, and for whom. By examining where the Republic, Brave New World, and Nineteen Eighty-Four stand on such issues as social engineering, censorship, cultural and sexual politics, the paper allows them to inform and critique each other, hoping to reveal in the process what may or may not have changed in utopian thinking since Plato wrote his seminal work. It appears that the social import of speculative fiction is ambivalent, for not only may it lend itself to totalitarian appropriation and application—as seems to have been the case with The Republic—but it may also constitute a means of critiquing the existing status quo by conceptualizing different ways of thinking and being, thereby allowing for the possibility of change.

The Congregation of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw: Its Changing Social Composition and Ideological Affiliations

1998 ◽  
pp. 112-126
Author(s):  
Alexander Guterman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face

This chapter details how the congregation of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw reflected the social dynamics that had transformed the face of Warsaw Jewry. They included an increasingly large proportion of Jews whose way of life distanced them from the devoutly Orthodox masses. Many showed clear signs of acculturation, Polonization, and an ongoing process of assimilation, although such behaviour may not have been motivated by any clear ideology of integration into the Polish nation. While many of the Great Synagogue's leaders tried to influence the views of the congregation, it was the members themselves who shaped the image of the synagogue. Their loyalties represented the spectrum of allegiances in the Jewish population of Warsaw at the time, and as Jews from the countryside joined their brethren in the capital, the Great Synagogue came to reflect the social and ideological transformations taking place among Polish Jewry in the early part of the twentieth century, especially between the two world wars.

scholarly journals DINAMIKA HUKUM PERKAWINAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA Studi Fatwa MUI di Bidang Munākaḥat Tahun 1975-2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hasan Bisyri
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Social History ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
The Social

This study seeks to uncover the MUI fatwa from the progressive aspects of Islamic law. Fatwa is the mirror of the dynamics of Islamic law in responding to the development of society. The set of MUI fatwa, in addition to functioning as a reference source of religious guidance, are also a historical record that is a source of social history. Fatwa ideally is always dynamic and paying attention to the dynamics of reality in society. Results of this study indicate that in general the MUI fatwa still had not moved from the tradition of jurisprudence, MUI fatwa is more nuanced as the social control and social engineering.

Three Worlds of Race, Labor, and Politics

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cybelle Fox
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Welfare System ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Social Welfare System ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
And Function

This chapter describes in detail the three worlds, focusing on the factors—labor, race, and politics—that will best explain the differential incorporation of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants into the American welfare state and the scope, form, and function of relief provision across regions. On the eve of the Great Depression, the vast majority of European immigrants lived in the Northeast and Midwest, Mexicans lived overwhelmingly in the Southwest, while most blacks still lived in the South. So different were their experiences with the racial, political, and labor market systems in these regions that these groups could be said to be living in separate worlds. Each of them suffered from significant discrimination at the hands of native-born whites in the early part of the twentieth century. European immigrants were largely included in the social welfare system, blacks were largely excluded, while Mexicans were often expelled from the nation simply for requesting assistance.

scholarly journals Local elites and social control: building council houses in Stirling between the wars

Urban History ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES SMYTH ◽  
DOUGLAS ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Geography ◽  
The Self ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Local Councillors ◽  
Significant Factors

ABSTRACT:This article examines the role played by local councillors in constructing new housing in Scotland during the inter-war period. Rather than view local authorities as simply the objective agency of central government's ambitions to construct council houses, we argue that the self-interest and motivations of councillors have to be recognized as significant factors in this process. It is argued also that the concerns of private landlords were neither ignored nor sacrificed in the rush to build new housing. Rather, given that councils remained dominated by local business men, many of whom were private landlords, councillors acted in ways to protect their own material and class interests. In so doing, they consciously, if implicitly, shaped the social geography of twentieth-century Scotland.

Medico-Psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland. Presidential Address, Delivered July 25th, 1907

1907 ◽  
Vol 53 (224) ◽  
pp. 677-704
Author(s):  
P. W. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
County Council ◽  
Rural District ◽  
Silver Coating ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Inaugural Address ◽  
The Social

The honourable position, which, through your kindness, I am privileged to occupy to-day, associates the occupant of this chair with a long roll of distinguished predecessors, and unites him as it were to a confraternity of honour which oversteps time and unites generations. But whether the initial duty of having to deliver an inaugural address is a wise one, I will not venture to say; yet I do know that the consciousness of this time-honoured custom neither tends to produce peaceful repose, nor happy thoughts during the year of probation. My immediate predecessor, Dr. Robert Jones, having so diligently covered the field of evolution, from the time of King Saul to the latest conceptions of the London County Council, I have experienced no little difficulty in finding a resting-place in any of the ordinary fields of inquiry. Assuming that the members of this Association would not expect anything new in what I might say, I have speculated whether, perhaps in directions which are not new, I might say anything which would suggest useful thought to those interested in the aims and work of our Association. On the very threshold of my task I was, as if by chance, suddenly pulled up, and found written across my path these words: “I look into my glass.” Such is the title of the short address with which I purpose troubling you this afternoon. Would that this glass were the simple artificial mirror from off the reverse side of which you and I could re move the silver coating and look into the fathomless abyss beyond; but no, the glass is the human mental mirror of which all are possessed, some more, others less. If I propose to you to look with me into this glass at the question of the social aspect of insanity in a purely rural district, “far from the madding crowd,” and which has remained untouched from the influence of large communities, it is not as a mere theoretical exercise in race evolution, but because it contains within, a further inquiry, which even in this the early part of the twentieth century may be turned to profitable account in an Association like this.

scholarly journals BATAS-BATAS KEMAMPUAN HUKUM DALAM MENGHADAPI PERUBAHAN SOSIAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Sulaeman
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law

Law is a tool to manage the social life, either as social control or as social engineering. But there is a problem: thelaw exactly almost always left behind of the objects that is regulated. So, there will be always gap between law and social behavior, either significant or not. This problem will be serious if the gap between formal regulation and social reality that happened has passed over the normal boundaries, in which the fact of law has fallen behind from the social reality has been too significant, but there is no realization of the adjusments that should have been done. At that time the huge gaps happens and so do the strained situation between social changing and the law that regulates it. This writing tried to explain how the ability of law to adjust with the social changing.

scholarly journals Cooperative society libraries and newsrooms - their social, educational and cultural role in the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century.

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (59) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Jean Everitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Educational Service ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Class Library ◽  
Cooperative Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

One of the major changes to the social structure of Britain brought about by industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was the creation of the working class. Library provision for the new mass readership was not just through public libraries, but through a number of bodies committed to provide an educational service to the working classes. My research is essentially an examination of one of the institutions committed to provide such a service by the working man for the working man in the second half of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century.

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