The Congregation of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw: Its Changing Social Composition and Ideological Affiliations

1998 ◽  
pp. 112-126
Author(s):  
Alexander Guterman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face

This chapter details how the congregation of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw reflected the social dynamics that had transformed the face of Warsaw Jewry. They included an increasingly large proportion of Jews whose way of life distanced them from the devoutly Orthodox masses. Many showed clear signs of acculturation, Polonization, and an ongoing process of assimilation, although such behaviour may not have been motivated by any clear ideology of integration into the Polish nation. While many of the Great Synagogue's leaders tried to influence the views of the congregation, it was the members themselves who shaped the image of the synagogue. Their loyalties represented the spectrum of allegiances in the Jewish population of Warsaw at the time, and as Jews from the countryside joined their brethren in the capital, the Great Synagogue came to reflect the social and ideological transformations taking place among Polish Jewry in the early part of the twentieth century, especially between the two world wars.

Incentives Then and Now

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth W. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Behavioral Psychology ◽  
The Social

This chapter presents a historical account of the use of the term “incentives” and of the introduction of incentives in scientific management and behavioral psychology. “Incentives” came into the language in the early part of the twentieth century in America. During this period, the language of social control and of social engineering was quite prevalent, and incentives were understood to be one tool in the social engineers' toolbox—an instrument of power. Not coincidentally, incentives were also extremely controversial at this time and were criticized from several quarters as dehumanizing, manipulative, heartless, and exploitative. When incentives are viewed as instruments of power, the controversial ethical aspects of their use come readily to the fore.

Violence as Usual

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Muschalek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
The Face ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
Southwest Africa

Slaps in the face, kicks, beatings, and other forms of run-of-the-mill violence were a quotidian part of life in German Southwest Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century. Unearthing this culture of normalized violence in a settler colony, this book uncovers the workings of a powerful state that was built in an improvised fashion by low-level state representatives. The book begins by providing a background on the power of everyday violence in the settler colony of German Southwest Africa. It explores the violent acts orchestrated by the police force (Landespolizei). Instead of being built primarily on formal, legal, and bureaucratic processes, the colonial state was produced by improvised, informal practices of violence. The book concludes with reflections on the nature of everyday violence in colonial Africa. Coming from multiple cultural groups, the African and German men of the Landespolizei shared a host of moral codes. The dynamics of violence were inscribed into a moral economy of the accepted and normal. The daily brutality of modern colonialism was a horrific injustice, but it was also a way of life with its own rules and regularities.

Revealing sparks: John Wesley and the religious utility of electrical healing

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAOLA BERTUCCI
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
John Wesley ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Fear Of God

In the eighteenth century, dramatic electrical performances were favourite entertainments for the upper classes, yet the therapeutic uses of electricity also reached the lower strata of society. This change in the social composition of electrical audiences attracted the attention of John Wesley, who became interested in the subject in the late 1740s. The paper analyses Wesley's involvement in the medical applications of electricity by taking into account his theological views and his proselytizing strategies. It sets his advocacy of medical electricity in the context of his philanthropic endeavours aimed at the sick poor, connecting them to his attempts to spread Methodism especially among the lower classes. It is argued that the healing virtues of electricity entailed a revision of the morality of electrical experiment which made electric sparks powerful resources for the popularization of the Methodist way of life, based on discipline, obedience to established authorities and love and fear of God.

scholarly journals LA CUESTIÓN AMBIENTAL EN EL CAPITALISMO DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALESA QUESTÃO AMBIENTAL NO CAPITALISMO DESDE A PERSPECTIVA DOS MOVIMENTOS SOCIAISTHE ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTION ON CAPITALISM FROM THE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS PERSPECTIVE

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Anita Helena Schlesener ◽  
Maria Antonia de Souza ◽  
Maria Arlete Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Education ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
The Face ◽  
Landless Workers Movement ◽  
La Via Campesina ◽  
Movimientos Sociales

El artículo trata del dilema que vive la humanidad de cómo preservar el sistema ecológico y la biodiversidad para la sostenibilidad frente a la constante depredación del capital y la forma de vida capitalista que se nos presenta como el Ideal. ¿Cuál es la tarea de la educación en esta realidad concreta? Las reflexiones de naturaleza bibliográfica y documental consideran que los movimientos sociales son portadores de referencias analíticas para comprender el aprendizaje generado en contradicciones, luchas y participación social, teniendo el Movimiento de Trabajadores Sin Tierra (MST) y la Via Campesina como protagonistas de prácticas sociales colectivas que contrastan críticamente con el modelo capitalista de producción a gran escala conocido como agronegocios. Se basa en el modelo agroecológico, en defensa de la educación crítica y la formación integral del hombre y las nuevas generaciones con miras a una sociedad planetaria justa y sostenible. O artigo trata do dilema que vive a humanidade de como preservar o sistema ecológico e a biodiversidade para sustentabilidade ante a constante depredação do capital e do estilo de vida capitalista, que nos é apresentado como o Ideal. Qual é a tarefa da educação nesta realidade concreta? As reflexões de natureza bibliográfica e documental consideram que os movimentos sociais são portadores de referências analíticas para se compreender o aprendizado gerado nas contradições, nas lutas e na participação social, tendo o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e a Via Campesina como protagonistas de práticas sociais coletivas que se contrapõem de forma crítica ao modelo capitalista de produção em larga escala, conhecido como agronegócio. Fundamenta-se no modelo agroecológico, na defesa da educação crítica e formação integral do homem e das novas gerações com vistas a uma sociedade planetária justa e sustentável. The article deals with the dilemma that mankind lives of how preserving the ecological system and biodiversity for sustainability in the face of the constant depredation of capital and the capitalist way of life presented to us as the Ideal. What is the task of education in this concrete reality? Reflections of bibliographical and documentary nature consider that social movements are bearers of analytical references to understand the learning generated in contradictions, struggles and social participation, having the Landless Workers Movement (MST) and Via Campesina as protagonists of collective social practices that contrast critically to the large-scale capitalist model of production known as agribusiness. It is based on the agroecological model, in defense of critical education and integral formation of man and the new generations aiming a just and sustainable planetary society.

scholarly journals Nobility

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violet Soen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Methodological Problem ◽  
State Building ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Anthropological Approach

“The” nobility is a slippery fish to catch, especially for the Renaissance and Reformation era, here understood as the two centuries between 1450 and 1650. Historians inevitably face the methodological problem of whether to define “nobility” according to juridical, social or cultural criteria. Over the past decades, they have abandoned a legal and essentialist interpretation in favor of a sociological and anthropological approach. Even if legal, fiscal, and social privileges persisted in “the making of” the nobility during the ancien régime, it is now widely acknowledged that the social composition of the group constantly changed, leading to an immense diversity among its members across Europe and the colonies. Likewise, it is accepted today that both the Renaissance and Reformation profoundly changed the cultural and ideological concept of “nobility” itself. These novel insights replace the older 19th-century paradigm claiming that from the late Middle Ages onward the nobility was in long-lasting crisis, losing its power and status to a rising bourgeoisie. Instead of this linear interpretation, a new consensus emerged around a persistent rise and decline among nobilities (not of the group as such), and their remarkable resilience in the face of state-building, religious change, and economic upheaval between 1450 and 1650.

scholarly journals ‘Apostles of Continence’: Doctors and the Doctrine of Sexual Necessity in Progressive-Era America

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Social Hygiene Movement

In the first decades of the twentieth century, a group of doctors under the banner of the social hygiene movement set out on what seemed an improbable mission: to convince American men that they did not need sex. This was in part a response to venereal disease. Persuading young men to adopt the standard of sexual discipline demanded of women was the key to preserving the health of the nation from the ravages of syphilis and gonorrhoea. But their campaign ran up against the doctrine of male sexual necessity, a doctrine well established in medical thought and an article of faith for many patients. Initially, social hygienists succeeded in rallying much of the medical community. But this success was followed by a series of setbacks. Significant dissent remained within the profession. Even more alarmingly, behavioural studies proved that many men simply were not listening. The attempt to repudiate the doctrine of male sexual necessity showed the ambition of Progressive-era doctors, but also their powerlessness in the face of entrenched beliefs about the linkage in men between sex, health and success.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Reva Marin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Positive Elements ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Just Society ◽  
Rich Material

Accounts of interracialism in white jazz autobiography may best be viewed as works in progress toward a more just society, comparable to the growing movement for gender justice in the contemporary jazz world. Unlike the more unsparing critiques of white appropriation and theft that leave little space for the positive elements of interracialism in popular culture, this book resists the cynicism and despair that come from the belief that individuals are powerless in the face of systemic racism; rather, it proposes a reading of jazz autobiography that stresses the importance of individuals in breaking down the social structures upon which racist laws and institutions depend. Finally, it proposes that the accounts of these autobiographers—from the most embracing to the most virulent—provide rich material for teaching and studying twentieth-century US race history and offer paths for resisting the intolerance of our present time.

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