Likelihood

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Thompson Hobbs ◽  
Mevin B. Hooten
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Bayesian Analysis ◽  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Bayesian Framework ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bare Bones

This chapter is an overview of likelihood and maximum likelihood. Likelihood forms the fundamental link between models and data in the Bayesian framework. In addition, maximum likelihood is a widely used alternative to Bayesian methods for estimating parameters in ecological models. Though is possible to learn Bayesian modeling with a bare-bones treatment of likelihood, the chapter emphasizes the importance of this concept in Bayesian analysis. A significant aspect of likelihood within the Bayesian framework can be found in the similarities and differences between Bayesian analysis and analysis based on maximum likelihood. In addition, the chapter also considers the relationship between a probability distribution and a likelihood function.

scholarly journals Bias in Zipf’s law estimators

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie Pilgrim ◽  
Thomas T Hills
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Approximate Bayesian Computation ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimators ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Approximate Bayesian

AbstractThe prevailing maximum likelihood estimators for inferring power law models from rank-frequency data are biased. The source of this bias is an inappropriate likelihood function. The correct likelihood function is derived and shown to be computationally intractable. A more computationally efficient method of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) is explored. This method is shown to have less bias for data generated from idealised rank-frequency Zipfian distributions. However, the existing estimators and the ABC estimator described here assume that words are drawn from a simple probability distribution, while language is a much more complex process. We show that this false assumption leads to continued biases when applying any of these methods to natural language to estimate Zipf exponents. We recommend that researchers be aware of the bias when investigating power laws in rank-frequency data.

Research on the Distributed Characteristics of the Delay for Network Coding Based Real-Time Multicast in MANETs

2014 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 768-772
Author(s):  
Guo Ping Tan ◽  
Lin Feng Tan ◽  
Lei Cao ◽  
Mei Yan Ju
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Network Coding ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Lognormal Distribution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Delay Distribution

For the study of the applications of partial network coding based real-time multicast protocol (PNCRM) in Mobile Ad hoc networks, the researches should be developed in the probability distribution of delay. In this paper, NS2 is used to obtain the delay of data packets through simulations. Because the delay does not obey the strict normal distribution, the maximum likelihood estimate method based on the lognormal distribution is used to process the data. Using MATLAB to obtain the actual distribution of the natural logarithm of delay, then drawing the delay distribution with the maximum likelihood estimation method based on the lognormal distribution, the conclusion that the distributions obtained by the above mentioned methods are basically consistent can be obtained. So the delay distribution of PNCRM meets the lognormal distribution and the characteristic of delay probability distribution can be estimated.

Metric for Disassembly and Reuse Decisions: Formulation and Validation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijitashwa Pandey ◽  
Deborah Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Value Function ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Long Range Planning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Value Function

Design for disassembly and reuse focuses on developing methods to minimize difficulty in disassembly for maintenance or reuse. These methods can gain substantially if the relationship between component attributes (material mix, ease of disassembly etc.) and their likelihood of reuse or disposal is understood. For products already in the marketplace, a feedback approach that evaluates willingness of manufacturers or customers (decision makers) to reuse a component can reveal how attributes of a component affect reuse decisions. This paper introduces some metrics and combines them with ones proposed in literature into a measure that captures the overall value of a decision made by the decision makers. The premise is that the decision makers would choose a decision that has the maximum value. Four decisions are considered regarding a component’s fate after recovery ranging from direct reuse to disposal. A method on the lines of discrete choice theory is utilized that uses maximum likelihood estimates to determine the parameters that define the value function. The maximum likelihood method can take inputs from actual decisions made by the decision makers to assess the value function. This function can be used to determine the likelihood that the component takes a certain path (one of the four decisions), taking as input its attributes, which can facilitate long range planning and also help determine ways reuse decisions can be influenced.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing and Fostering the Quality of CES Through a Dutch National Network on CES (NEON)

HEC Forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Hartman ◽  
Guy Widdershoven ◽  
Eva van Baarle ◽  
Froukje Weidema ◽  
Bert Molewijk
Keyword(s):  
Quality Standards ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Clinical Ethics Support ◽  
National Network ◽  
Responsive Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Ethics Support ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe prevalence of Clinical ethics support (CES) services is increasing. Yet, questions about what quality of CES entails and how to foster the quality of CES remain. This paper describes the development of a national network (NEON), which aimed to conceptualize and foster the quality of CES in the Netherlands simultaneously. Our methodology was inspired by a responsive evaluation approach which shares some of our key theoretical presuppositions of CES. A responsive evaluation methodology engages stakeholders in developing quality standards of a certain practice, instead of evaluating a practice by predefined standards. In this paper, we describe the relationship between our theoretical viewpoint on CES and a responsive evaluation methodology. Then we describe the development of the network (NEON) and focus on three activities that exemplify our approach. In the discussion, we reflect on the similarities and differences between our approach and other international initiatives focusing on the quality of CES.

Analisis Intertekstual Timun Mas dan Buto Ijo pada Iklan Marjan dan Cerita Rakyat Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ade Anggraini Kartika Devi ◽  
Ade Husnul Mawadah
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Great Strength ◽  
Happy Ending ◽  
Folk Tales ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study aims to analyze the intertextuality of Timun Mas and Buto Ijo in the Marjan advertisement with Indonesian folklore. The advertisement is considered as a text derived from the previous text because it uses the characters of Buto Ijo and Timun Mas, namely the legendary figures of folklore entitled Timun Mas and Buto Ijo. The data sources are the Timun Mas and Buto Ijo versions of Marjan advertisements and the Timun Mas and Buto Ijo folk tales. Descriptive analysis was carried out using an intertextuality approach to see the relationship between the two texts. The results showed that the character of Buto Ijo in the Marjan advertisement and Indonesian folklore had some similarities and differences. The similarity is Buto Ijo is tall, big, and green. Buto Ijo, as his name implies, is told as a giant green figure who has great strength. The difference lies at the end of the story. In the advertisement, Buto Ijo has a happy ending by joining the Timun Mas family to celebrate Eid. While in folklore, Buto Ijo has a tragic ending. Buto Ijo died from drowning in a sea of ​​shrimp paste that turned into embers in the ocean.

scholarly journals On Bayesian procedure for maximum earthquake magnitude estimation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kijko
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Posterior Distribution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Earthquake Magnitude ◽  
Bayesian Estimator ◽  
Bayesian Procedure ◽  
Posterior Estimate

This work is focused on the Bayesian procedure for the estimation of the regional maximum possible earthquake magnitude <em>m</em><sub>max</sub>. The paper briefly discusses the currently used Bayesian procedure for m<sub>max</sub>, as developed by Cornell, and a statistically justifiable alternative approach is suggested. The fundamental problem in the application of the current Bayesian formalism for <em>m</em><sub>max</sub> estimation is that one of the components of the posterior distribution is the sample likelihood function, for which the range of observations (earthquake magnitudes) depends on the unknown parameter <em>m</em><sub>max</sub>. This dependence violates the property of regularity of the maximum likelihood function. The resulting likelihood function, therefore, reaches its maximum at the maximum observed earthquake magnitude <em>m</em><sup>obs</sup><sub>max</sub> and not at the required maximum <em>possible</em> magnitude <em>m</em><sub>max</sub>. Since the sample likelihood function is a key component of the posterior distribution, the posterior estimate of <em>m^</em><sub>max</sub> is biased. The degree of the bias and its sign depend on the applied Bayesian estimator, the quantity of information provided by the prior distribution, and the sample likelihood function. It has been shown that if the maximum posterior estimate is used, the bias is negative and the resulting underestimation of <em>m</em><sub>max</sub> can be as big as 0.5 units of magnitude. This study explores only the maximum posterior estimate of <em>m</em><sub>max</sub>, which is conceptionally close to the classic maximum likelihood estimation. However, conclusions regarding the shortfall of the current Bayesian procedure are applicable to all Bayesian estimators, <em>e.g.</em> posterior mean and posterior median. A simple, <em>ad hoc</em> solution of this non-regular maximum likelihood problem is also presented.

scholarly journals Terror i represje sowieckie wobec zachodnich Ukraińców w latach 1943–1945 z jugosłowiańskimi kontekstami w tle

2016 ◽  
pp. 109-160
Author(s):  
Mariusz Zajączkowski
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this article is to show the relationship between Soviet partisans and the Ukrainian population in the western regions of Ukraine. It also aims to demonstrate how the attitude toward the armed troops of the Ukrainian national and nationalist underground, which operated in the area between 1942 and 1944, changed under the influence of the war on the Eastern Front and internal factors. All this led to the outbreak of an open armed conflict and terror of the red partisans against the Ukrainian peasants, most of whom supported national and nationalist partisans. These events are presented against the background of political, social and military conditions for the operation and development of the Soviet partisan movement in the area of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. This article also describes how the Soviet security police and army fought the OUN-B and UPA in this area and repressed members of the anti-communist underground and its civilian supporters during the re-establishment of the communist authorities after 1944. It also attempts to show the similarities and differences between the events in Western Ukraine (1943–1945) and the Civil War in Yugoslavia (1941–1945), including the local communists’ fight for power in the country.

scholarly journals TIESOS IR MENO KŪRINIO SANTYKIS: B. CROCE IR H. G. GADAMERIS

Problemos ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Vaiva Daraškevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Art ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Straipsnyje aptariamas tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykis B. Croce’s ir H. G. Gadamerio filosofijoje. Lyginami Croce’s estetikos ir Gadamerio meno filosofijos principai, analizuojami panašumai ir skirtumai. Croce akcentuoja meno autonomiją ir subjektyvųjį intuityviojo pažinimo lygmenį, jo estetikoje per meno kūrinį patiriamas intuityvusis tiesos matmuo, tačiau esama ir universalumą suponuojančių meno patirties aspektų. Gadameris meno kūrinio supratimo analize siekia pagrįsti hermeneutikos universalumą – tiesa čia priešinama metodologijai ir suvokiama kaip supratimo įvykis. Straipsnyje grindžiama tezė, kad Croce’s estetikoje tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykis analogiškas Gadamerio hermeneutikoje aptariamam tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykiui.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: meno kūrinys, tiesa, intuityvusis pažinimas, ekspresija, hermeneutika.  The Relationship Between Truth and the Work of Art: B. Croce and H. G. GadamerVaiva Daraškevičiūtė SummaryThe article analyzes the relationship between truth and the work of art in Benedetto Croce’s aesthetics and Hans Georg Gadamer’s philosophy of art. It compares the main principles of art in their philosophies, showing their similarities and differences. The approaches of these two thinkers are compared by presenting their concepts of truth, the art work and art experience. Croce considers art as an autonomic, subjective cognition. Nevertheless, the universal dimension of art experience is especially important in his aesthetics as well. Gadamer, for his part, uses the reflection of the experience of the art work as the foundation of a hermeneutic universality. The truth in this case is described as contrasting with methodology and is taken to be an event of understanding. The article concludes that the relationship between truth and the art work which we find in Croce’s aesthetics is analogous to the one that lies in Gadamer’s philosophy of art.Keywords: Truth, Art work, Hermeneutics, Intuition, Experience.t: 115%;"> 

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