The Business Park

Foundations ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 164-187
Author(s):  
Sam Wetherell
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
Technology Parks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Parks ◽  
Private Research ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Private Housing

This chapter discusses the suburban, postindustrial, and holistically planned developments such as the Cambridge Science Park. These were initiated and managed by a single authority, usually a private developer, and hosted a mixture of offices, light industry, and private research centers. The chapter also highlights the emergence of the business park, which the author described as a host of different developments that at various times have been called “office parks,” “science parks,” “research parks,” “industrial parks,” or “technology parks.” The chapter then looks at the history of a new late-twentieth-century urban form, looking at the kinds of working subjects that this form hoped to produce and attract, and its relationship to the state and the wider world. Ultimately, the chapter traces back where the book began, at Trafford Park. Ruined by deindustrialization and choked by geography, Trafford Park was transformed by a state development corporation into a massive business park by the 1980s. As with the private housing estate and shopping mall, this new urban form required a reimagining of the old.

The Shopping Mall

Foundations ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 137-163
Author(s):  
Sam Wetherell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
First Time

This chapter tackles the history of the shopping mall in Britain. It argues that unlike shopping malls in the United States or nations that were urbanizing for the first time, shopping malls in Britain emerged in tense negotiation with a state-directed and developmental retail infrastructure established a generation earlier. The chapter discusses the distinction between two types of space: the shopping mall and shopping precinct in order to show how a qualitatively new urban form arose in Britain in the last third of the twentieth-century. It presents the history of the shopping mall which allows us to see how during this period a new relationship between the consumer, state, and economy emerged in Britain. The chapter explores the shopping mall's distinctive contribution to late-twentieth-century British life by historicizing three of its most important features. Ultimately, the chapter demonstrates how the shopping mall in Britain emerged from the ashes of a developmental compact between urban planning and the management of consumer demand. It investigates how shopping mall developers in Britain replicated a globally standardized type of urban space, aligning parts of Britain's built environment with that of the United States and world.

Introduction

Foundations ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Sam Wetherell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Housing Estate ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Similar Index ◽  
History Of ◽  
Private Housing

The introductory chapter discusses the history of twentieth-century Britain told through the transformation of its built environment. It narrates a story about the rise of a developmental social infrastructure, and its privatization, demolition, and rearticulation under a new neoliberal consensus. The chapter reveals the types of subjects and visions of society that emerged alongside these transformations as well as the new relationships between Britain and the wider world that they entailed. It does so by charting the emergence and spread of six different types of urban space: the industrial estate, the shopping precinct, the council estate, the private housing estate, the shopping mall and the business park. Although the chapter opens in the skies above London, it draws up a similar index of almost every British town or city at the millennium using the six urban forms whose histories the book charts. Ultimately, the chapter outlines the fascinating histories of each of these spaces — hopefully showing the historical fragility and downright weirdness of places that have come to feel mundane and familiar to so many of us.

PERKEMBANGANKAWASAN PECINAN SEMARANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Monica Latu Melati ◽  
Ariadne Kristia Nataya ◽  
Alfonsus Arianto Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Review Analysis ◽  
Urban Heritage ◽  
Observation Area ◽  
Cultural Artefact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special District

Abstract:Semarang Chinatown  is a special  district in Semarang City  known with its chineese culture, where chineese citizen of Semarang have been living  for centuries. The sustained chineese culture in this area makes Semarang Chinatwon as an urban heritage and cultural artefact in Semarang City. The aims for this paper are to investigate the factors shaping Chinatown Semarang, the development of Chinatown Semarang from time  to time, the urban form elements in Semarang Chinatown, and the correlation between morphological components of Semarang Chinatown. This writing use some review methods, first theoritical overview to get secondary data about physical or non-physical factors forming city, second observation area such as collecting photos and interviewing to get primary data. Data review analysis use qualitative data analysis which is configure with the problems and aims that have been appointed.Keywords:elements of urban form, morphological components, history of Semarang ChinatownAbstrak: Kawasan Pecinan Semarang adalah sebuah kawasan di kota Semarang yang sangat kental dengan budaya Tionghoa. Di sinilah warga keturunan Tionghoa sejak berabad-abad silam menetap di Semarang. Adanya budaya Tionghoa yang masih sangat terjaga menjadikan Kawasan Pecinan Semarang ini sebagai kawasan urban heritage dan artefact budaya di kota Semarang. Tujuan penulisan adalah untuk menemukan faktor pembentuk Kawasan Pecinan Semarang, mengetahui perkembangan Kawasan Pecinan Semarang dari masa ke masa, mengetahui pola bentuk dan elemen kawasan pada Kawasan Pecinan Semarang, serta mengetahui kaitan antara faktor pembentuk kawasan terhadap perkembangan Kawasan Pecinan Semarang. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode kajian berupa tinjauan teori untuk memperoleh data sekunder mengenai faktor-faktor pembentuk kota baik secara fisik maupun non fisik, serta observasi lapangan berupa pengumpulan foto yang dilengkapi dengan wawancara untuk memperoleh data primer. Analisis data kajian dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis data kualitatif yang disesuaikan dengan permasalahan dan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.Kata kunci:Elemen Kawasan, Faktor Pembentuk Kawasan, PerkembanganSejarah Kawasan Pecinan Semarang

URBAN DISPLACEMENT AND LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF THE AMERICAN CITY FROM THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Knight ◽  
Mohammad Gharipour
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Cultural Connections ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

How can urban redevelopment benefit existing low-income communities? The history of urban redevelopment is one of disruption of poor communities. Renewal historically offered benefits to the place while pushing out the people. In some cases, displacement is intentional, in others it is unintentional. Often, it is the byproduct of the quest for profits. Regardless of motives, traditional communities, defined by cultural connections, are often disrupted. Disadvantaged neighborhoods include vacant units, which diminish the community and hold back investment. In the postwar period, American cities entered into a program of urban renewal. While this program cleared blight, it also drove displacement among the cities’ poorest and was particularly hard on minority populations clustered in downtown slums. The consequences of these decisions continue to play out today. Concentration of poverty is increasing and American cities are becoming more segregated. As neighborhoods improve, poorer residents are uprooted and forced into even more distressed conditions, elsewhere. This paper examines the history of events impacting urban communities. It further reviews the successes and failures of efforts to benefit low-income communities.

Century of Ukraine's diplomatic service

2017 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Yuriy Makar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
State Committee ◽  
The West ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
National University ◽  
Central Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth

On December 22, 2017 the Ukrainian Diplomatic Service marked the 100thanniversary of its establishment and development. In dedication to such a momentous event, the Department of International Relations of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University has published a book of IR Dept’s ardent activity since its establishment. It includes information both in Ukrainian and English on the backbone of the collective and their versatile activities, achievements and prospects for the future. The author delves into retracing the course of the history of Ukrainian Diplomacy formation and development. The author highlights the roots of its formation, reconsidering a long way of its development that coincided with the formation of basic elements of Ukrainian statehood that came into existence as a result of the war of national liberation – the Ukrainian Central Rada (the Central Council of Ukraine). Later, the Ukrainian or so-called State the Hetmanate was under study. The Directorat (Directory) of Ukraine, being a provisional collegiate revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, was given a thorough study. Of particular interest for the research are diplomatic activities of the West Ukrainian People`s Republic. Noteworthy, the author emphasizes on the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic’s foreign policy, forced by the Bolshevist Russia. A further important implication is both the challenges of the Ukrainian statehood establishing and Ukraine’s functioning as a state, first and foremost, stemmed from the immaturity and conscience-unawareness of the Ukrainian society, that, ultimately, has led to the fact, that throughout the twentieth century Ukraine as a statehood, being incorporated into the Soviet Union, could hardly be recognized as a sovereign state. Our research suggests that since the beginning of the Ukrainian Diplomacy establishment and its further evolution, it used to be unprecedentedly fabricated and forged. On a wider level, the research is devoted to centennial fight of Ukraine against Russian violence and aggression since the WWI, when in 1917 the Russian Bolsheviks, headed by Lenin, started real Russian war against Ukraine. Apropos, in the about-a-year-negotiation run, Ukraine, eventually, failed to become sovereign. Remarkably, Ukraine finally gained its independence just in late twentieth century. Nowadays, Russia still regards Ukraine as a part of its own strategic orbit,waging out a carrot-and-stick battle. Keywords: The Ukrainian People’s Republic, the State of Ukraine, the Hetmanate, the Direcorat (Directory) of Ukraine, the West Ukrainian People`s Republic, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, Ukraine, the Bolshevist Russia, the Russian Federation, Ukrainian diplomacy

The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-99
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Colby
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Despite the central importance of festival and devotional piety to premodernMuslims, book-length studies in this field have been relatively rare.Katz’s work, The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, represents a tour-deforceof critical scholarship that advances the field significantly both throughits engagement with textual sources from the formative period to the presentand through its judicious use of theoretical tools to analyze this material. Asits title suggests, the work strives to explore how Muslims have alternativelypromoted and contested the commemoration of the Prophet’s birth atdifferent points in history, with a particular emphasis on how the devotionalistapproach, which was prominent in the pre-modern era, fell out of favoramong Middle Eastern Sunnis in the late twentieth century. Aimed primarilyat specialists in Middle Eastern and Islamic studies, especially scholarsof history, law, and religion, this work is recommended to anyone interestedin the history of Muslim ritual, the history of devotion to the Prophet, andthe interplay between normative and non-normative forms ofMuslim beliefand practice ...

The Myth of the Perfect Pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Freidenfelds
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Unrealistic Expectation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Myth of the Perfect Pregnancy is a history of why Americans came to have the unrealistic expectation of perfect pregnancies and to mourn even very early miscarriages. The introduction explains that miscarriage is a common phenomenon and a natural part of healthy women’s childbearing: approximately 20 percent of confirmed pregnancies spontaneously miscarry, mostly in the first months of gestation. Eight topical chapters describe childbearing and pregnancy loss in colonial America; the rise of birth control from the late eighteenth century to the present; changes in parenting from the early nineteenth century to the present that increasingly focused attention on the emotional relationship between parent and child; the twentieth-century rise of prenatal care and maternal education about embryonic growth; the twentieth-century blossoming of a consumer culture that marketed baby items to pregnant women; the abortion debates from the mid-twentieth century to the present; the late twentieth-century introduction of obstetric ultrasound and its evolution into a pregnancy ritual of “meeting the baby” as early as eight weeks’ gestation; and the late twentieth-century introduction of home pregnancy testing and the identification of pregnancy as early as several days before a missed period. The conclusion offers suggestions for how women and their families, health-care providers, and the maternity care industry can better handle pregnancy and address miscarriage.

Discrepant Solace

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David James
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Doris Lessing ◽  
Kazuo Ishiguro ◽  
Joan Didion ◽  
Julian Barnes ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Ian Mcewan ◽  
Affective Meanings

Consolation has always played an uncomfortable part in the literary history of loss. But in recent decades its affective meanings and ethical implications have been recast by narratives that appear to foil solace altogether. Illuminating this striking archive, Discrepant Solace considers writers who engage with consolation not as an aesthetic salve but as an enduring problematic for late twentieth- and twenty-first-century fiction and memoir. Making close readings of emotion crucial to understanding literature’s work in the precarious present, David James examines writers who are rarely considered in conversation, including Sonali Deraniyagala, Colson Whitehead, Cormac McCarthy, W.G. Sebald, Doris Lessing, Joan Didion, J. M. Coetzee, Marilynne Robinson, Julian Barnes, Helen Macdonald, Ian McEwan, Colm Tóibín, Kazuo Ishiguro, Denise Riley, and David Grossman. These figures overturn critical suppositions about consolation’s kinship with ideological complaisance or dubious distraction, producing unsettling perceptions of solace that shape the formal and political contours of their writing.

scholarly journals Recipes for recombining DNA: A history of Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual

BJHS Themes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 225-243
Author(s):  
Angela N.H. Creager
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cloning ◽  
Molecular Cloning ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Laboratory Manual ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
History Of ◽  
Laboratory Manuals ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Cold Spring

AbstractLaboratory instructions and recipes are sometimes edited into books with a wide circulation. Even in the late twentieth century, publications of this nature remained influential. For example, protocols from a 1980 summer course on gene cloning at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory provided the basis for a bestselling laboratory manual by Tom Maniatis, Ed Fritsch and Joe Sambrook. Not only did the Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual become a standard reference for molecular biologists (commonly called the ‘bible’), but also its recipes and clear instructions made gene cloning and recombinant DNA technologies accessible to non-specialists. Consequently, this laboratory manual contributed to the rapid spread of genetic-engineering techniques throughout the life sciences, as well as in industry. As is often the case with how-to books, however, finding a way to update methods in this rapidly changing field posed a challenge, and various molecular-biology reference books had different ways of dealing with knowledge obsolescence. This paper explores the origins of this manual, its publication history, its reception and its rivals – as well as the more recent migration of such laboratory manuals to the Internet.

Spaces of Exclusion: The Significance of Cultural Identity in the Formation of European Residential Districts in British Hong Kong, 1877–1904

10.1068/d310 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Alex Bremner ◽  
David P Y Lung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Social History ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
European Population ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Residential District ◽  
Cultural Self

In this paper we discuss the role and significance of European cultural identity in the formation of the urban environment in 19th-century and early-20th-century British Hong Kong. Our purpose is to offer an alternative reading of the social history of Hong Kong-the orthodox accounts of which remain largely predominant in the general historical understanding of that society-by examining the machinations that surrounded attempts by the European colonial elite to control the production of urban form and space in the capital city of Hong Kong, Victoria. Here the European Residential District ordinance of 1888 (along with other related ordinances) is considered in detail. An examination of European cultural self-perception and the construction of colonial identity is made by considering not only the actual ways in which urban form and space were manipulated through these ordinances but also the visual representation of the city in art. Here the intersection between ideas and images concerning civil society, cultural identity, architecture, and the official practices of colonial urban planning is demonstrated. It is argued that this coalescing of ideas, images, and practices in the colonial environment of British Hong Kong not only led to the racialisation of urban form and space there but also contributed to the apparent anxiety exhibited by the European population over the preservation of their own identity through the immediacy of the built environment.

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