Israel

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-125
Author(s):  
Yossi Harpaz
Keyword(s):  
Jewish History ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Emigration Rate ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Dual Citizenship

This chapter analyzes EU citizenship in Israel. Israel's high income level and low emigration rate set it apart from Serbia and Mexico and make dual citizenship less obviously useful. EU–Israeli dual citizens rarely refer to themselves as dual citizens, but instead see themselves as “Israelis with a European passport.” The chapter then demonstrates that citizenship applicants are mainly driven by two motivations that were conditioned by Jewish history. The first is the wish to hold an insurance policy against the possibility of Israel being destroyed. The second is the desire for a status symbol that signifies their elitist position in Israel as European-origin Jews. Ironically, the grandchildren of Jews who had left Europe for Israel now look to German or Hungarian passports for security.

Citizenship 2.0

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yossi Harpaz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Dual Citizenship ◽  
American Citizenship

This book focuses on an important yet overlooked dimension of globalization: the steady rise in the legitimacy and prevalence of dual citizenship. Demand for dual citizenship is particularly high in Latin America and Eastern Europe, where more than three million people have obtained a second citizenship from EU countries or the United States. Most citizenship seekers acquire EU citizenship by drawing on their ancestry or ethnic origin; others secure U.S. citizenship for their children by strategically planning their place of birth. Their aim is to gain a second, compensatory citizenship that would provide superior travel freedom, broader opportunities, an insurance policy, and even a status symbol. The book analyzes three cases: Israelis who acquire citizenship from European-origin countries such as Germany or Poland; Hungarian-speaking citizens of Serbia who obtain a second citizenship from Hungary (and, through it, EU citizenship); and Mexicans who give birth in the United States to secure American citizenship for their children. The book reveals the growth of instrumental attitudes toward citizenship: individuals worldwide increasingly view nationality as rank within a global hierarchy rather than as a sanctified symbol of a unique national identity.

scholarly journals The Impact of Federal and State Income Taxes on Timber Income in the Northeast and Midwest Following the 1986 Tax Reform Act

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Siegel ◽  
Harry L. Haney ◽  
Daniel M. Peters ◽  
Pete Bettinger ◽  
Debra S. Callihan
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
The State ◽  
High Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
State Income Tax ◽  
State Income

Abstract The structure and provisions of state income taxes are detailed for timber owners in 19 states of the Northeast and Midwest. Using 1994 federal and state income tax rules, the tax liability for a hypothetical married couple with timber sale income was calculated for two federal income tax rate brackets (medium and high income levels) for states in the Northeast and Midwest that impose an income tax. At the medium income level, the state portion of the total income tax liability ranged from 12.7% in Pennsylvania to 25.6% in Delaware. At the high income level, the state portion ranged from 11.1% in Pennsylvania to 24.9% in Minnesota. For both income levels, New Hampshire had the lowest state portion of the total tax liability when considering their business profits tax (12% for the medium and 7% for the high income level). The provision most significantly affecting state income tax liability was the tax rate schedule. Installment sales provide an alternative tax planning strategy for those timber owners who qualify as investors rather than a business and who are in the lowest federal tax bracket. Several states also impose taxes other than an income tax when timber is harvested. For example, Minnesota and New Hampshire both impose a minimum 10% yield tax on the timber's stumpage value. These levies significantly affect the total tax liability on harvest income. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):8-15.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Income Level on Mortality after Stroke: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8348
Author(s):  
Seungmin Jeong ◽  
Sung-il Cho ◽  
So Yeon Kong
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Stroke Event ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Aid ◽  
Post Stroke

We investigated whether income level has long-term effects on mortality rate in stroke patients and whether this varies with time after the first stroke event, using the National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort data from 2002 to 2015 in South Korea. The study population was new-onset stroke patients ≥18 years of age. Patients were categorized into Category (1) insured employees and Category (2) insured self-employed/Medical Aid beneficiaries. Each category was divided into three and four income level groups, retrospectively. The study population comprised of 11,668 patients. Among the Category 1 patients (n = 7720), the low-income group’s post-stroke mortality was 1.15-fold higher than the high-income group. Among the Category 2 patients (n = 3948), the lower income groups had higher post-stroke mortality than the high-income group (middle-income, aOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.29; low-income, aOR 1.70; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.19). In this category, the lower income groups’ post-stroke mortality risks compared to the high-income group were highest at 13–36 months after the first stroke event(middle-income, aOR 1.52; low-income, aOR 2.31; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.53). Medical Aid beneficiaries had a significantly higher post-stroke mortality risk than the high-income group at all time points.

scholarly journals Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine uptake on childhood pneumonia mortality across income levels in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Kayoko Shioda ◽  
Cristiana M. Toscano ◽  
Maria Tereza Valenzuela ◽  
William Valdez Huarcaya ◽  
Joshua L. Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data

Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have prevented deaths due to pneumonia among children. The effect may differ between higher- and lower-income populations due to various factors, such as differences in the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes, healthcare access, and PCV uptake. This study aims to evaluate an association between increasing PCV coverage and population-level declines in death due to pneumonia and its variation by socioeconomic status of subnational regions. Methods: We analyzed municipality-level mortality data from 2005 and 2015 for children aged 2-23 months in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. We fit Poisson regression models to estimate the relationship between changes in PCV uptake and deaths due to all-cause pneumonia among subnational regions with different income levels. We controlled for changes unrelated to PCV by using data on non-respiratory deaths over time. Results: Uptake of the third dose of PCV varied across subnational regions and was higher in high-income regions. Higher uptake of PCV was associated with larger declines in pneumonia mortality. This association did not differ by income level of the region in Brazil and Colombia. In Peru, low-income regions observed larger declines in pneumonia deaths, but there was large uncertainty in the difference between the low- and high-income regions. We estimated that, with 90% coverage, there would be 4-38% declines in all-cause pneumonia mortality across income levels and countries. Conclusions: Regions with higher PCV coverage experienced larger declines in pneumonia deaths, regardless of the income level. Having more reliable data on mortality records and vaccine uptake would improve the reliability of vaccine impact estimates.

scholarly journals Experience, Education, and Entrepreneurial Success: A View from Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Academic Excellence ◽  
Entrepreneurial Success ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of education on the age earnings profiles of self-employed Bangladeshi men, using data from a survey carried out by the first author in 2010. Its results strongly support the perception that educational attainment and on-the-job experience are strongly complementary rather than mutually substitutable in increasing the likelihood of achieving a high income level. Yet the high degree of earnings heterogeneity among well-educated respondents in the sample also indicates that academic excellence is a catalyst but not a guarantor for entrepreneurial success, and that levels of education that are formally equivalent may nevertheless have very different implications for the likelihood of prosperity in business.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KONSUMSI PANGAN TINGKAT RUMAH TANGGA DI PROPINSI LAMPUNG

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meliyanah Meliyanah ◽  
Suhatmini Hardyastuti ◽  
Djuwari Djuwari
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

This research diamed to: 1) knowing the selft-price elasticity, cross-price elasticity and income elasticity of consumption per food item on household level according to location and income level; and 2) knowing the reation between level of income and food consumption on household level according to location and income level.This research used data from SUSENAS of Lmapung Province in 2002 with number of sample of 2091 household, which being differed between rural and urban areas based on low, middle, and high level of income. The data analysis used tobit model and sensored regression.The result showed that: 1) the demand of rice and beeh for household consumption in every level of income in rural and urban areas were inelastic; 2) Coen only been consumed by low income level household in rural areas and the demand was inelastic; 3) the demand of cassava for household consumption on low income level in urban area was elastic, While in middle income level, high income level and every level of income in rural area, cassava demand was inelastic. Cassava was considered as inferior goods; 4) The demand of fish for household consumption an every level of income in rural and urban areas was elastic. Household in rural area on every level of income and in urban areas on middle and high income level consider fish as a main necessity. While on low income level  household in urban areas, it was considered as classy/exclusive good; 5) the demand of chicken; for household in rural areas on middle and high income level was inelastic. When in rural low income level and urban middle and high income level, was inelastic chicken meat was considend as classy/exclusive good the rural low income level household; 6) egg demand for household consumption in rural areas on every level of income was inelastic, while in urban area it was elastic for every level income; 7) the rural and urban household on every level of income considered rice as the stpale food; 8) Household in rural and urban areas on middle and high level of income considered beef as main necessity; 9) On household with middle income level in rural areas, egg was considere as inferior good; while an low income level in urban areas, egg was considere as expensive good.

scholarly journals Participation and Achievement in the Summer Paralympic Games: The Influence of Income, Sex, and Assistive Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11758
Author(s):  
Giulia Oggero ◽  
Louise Puli ◽  
Emma Maria Smith ◽  
Chapal Khasnabis
Keyword(s):  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Paralympic Games ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Global participation at the Paralympic Games has been steadily growing in the past 60 years. However, inequities in relation to geographic representation of Paralympians, sex representation, access to assistive technology, and medal success remain. The objectives of this research are to describe and compare trends in Paralympians’ participation and achievements in the Summer Paralympic Games by income level and sex, including in events requiring assistive products (wheelchairs, hand cycles/trikes, and prostheses). A retrospective secondary analysis of publicly available data was conducted. Participation, sex, and medal tally data were extracted from data available on the International Paralympic Committee website and archives. Data regarding income and population were collected from publicly available data available from the World Bank website. Participation in the Summer Paralympic Games differs significantly by income level (p = 0.000) with high- income countries sending, on average, more Paralympians than low- and middle-income countries. There is a significant difference between male and female participation (p = 0.00), with approximately 29% of all Paralympians being female. High-income countries demonstrate significantly higher achievement than low- and middle-income countries (p = 0.000), including in events requiring assistive products (p = 0.007). Despite growth in overall participation, low- and middle-income countries remain severely underrepresented in both participation and achievement at the Paralympic Games, especially in the events that require high quality assistive products to succeed. More equitable participation and achievement in the Paralympics may be supported by addressing the barriers for females, for people from low- and low-middle income countries, and for those without access to high quality assistive products required.

scholarly journals Disease burden metrics and the innovations of leading pharmaceutical companies: a global and regional comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Lim Jung ◽  
JeeNa Hwang ◽  
Hyoung Sun Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Pharmaceutical Innovation ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract Background The recent innovation activities of global top-tier pharmaceutical companies in accordance with global and regional health concerns were investigated in order to identify their innovations contributing to population health. Methods “Innovation activity” was defined as the number of drugs for which R&D activities have been reported within the last three years. Such activities were measured by collecting the data on drug developments and classifying them by developer company, phase of development, therapeutic use, and the country in which the development conducted. Subsequently, we examined and compared the correlations between the global innovation activities of the top 20 pharmaceutical companies and the disease burden measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by income level and region. In addition, this study analyzed the association between country-specific innovations and DALYs in the corresponding countries. Results At a global level, the innovation activities were not associated with global DALYs. However, when analyzed by income level, the innovation activities were associated with DALYs in high income and upper middle income countries while it was not associated with DALYs in low middle income and low income countries. In terms of region, correlations were found between the innovation activities and DALYs in the European region, the Americas, and the Western Pacific region whereas such correlations were not found in the African, Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asian regions. Similar to the analyses by income level and region, correlations between country-specific innovations and DALYs were only found in high income or high GDP countries. In addition, an empirical analysis of several cases including Canada, Germany, South Korea, and the United Kingdom revealed that pharmaceutical innovation is more closely related to market size than disease burden. Conclusions This study identified that discrepancies between pharmaceutical innovation and public health needs, i.e., disease burden values, have persisted until recently. To alleviate this imbalance, both public and private sectors should not only fulfill their respective roles and responsibilities regarding these issues, but also make strategic and collaborative efforts such as Product Development Partnerships (PDPs) directed toward public health improvement.

scholarly journals Dynamic Linkages Among Energy Consumption, Environment and Health Sustainability: Evidence from the Different Income Level Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 004695802097522
Author(s):  
Yongqi Feng ◽  
Ren Liu ◽  
Yung-ho Chiu ◽  
Tzu-Han Chang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Efficiency

Environment pollution was closely related to human health. The energy consumption is one of the important sources of environmental pollution in the development of economy. This paper used undesirable two-stage meta-frontier DDF (distance difference function) data envelopment analysis model to explore the impact of environment pollutants from energy consumption on the mortality of children and the aged, survival rate of 65 years old and health expenditure efficiency in 27 high income countries, 21 upper middle income countries, and 16 lower middle income countries from 2010 to 2014. High income countries had higher efficiency of energy and health than middle income countries in general. But whether in high income or middle income countries, the efficiency of non-renewable energy is higher than renewable energy. There was much room for both high income countries and middle income countries to improve renewable energy efficiency. Besides, middle income countries need to improve the efficiency of non-renewable energy and reduce pollutant emissions per unit of GDP. In terms of health efficiency, upper middle income countries performed worse than lower income countries. This phenomenon might indicate there was a U-shaped relationship between health efficiency and income level. Upper income countries should pay more attention to the environmental and health problems and cross the U-shaped turning point. The contribution of this article was to consider the heterogeneous performance of energy efficiency, environmental efficiency, and health efficiency under the influence of income level differences, and found that there might be a U-shaped relationship between health efficiency and income level.

CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AMONG NURSES AND HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN A RESEARCH HOSPITAL IN TURKEY

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Hamdi Kara ◽  
Doğan Demir ◽  
Özgür Erdem, ◽  
Gülfer Topçu Sayin ◽  
Nuran Yildiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
High Income ◽  
Research Hospital ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) among nurses and healthcare workers was evaluated via a questionnaire examining CFS, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, work capacity and education. The criteria of the Centers for Disease Control were applied. One hundred and eighty-three nurses and 18 healthcare workers (mean age 29.04 ± 5.31 years) participated. More than half of cases (n = 116, 57.7%) complained of fatigue. Thirty-six cases (17.9%) fully matched the criteria of the CDC for CFS. High income level (> 400/month) (p = 0.005) and overworking (> 8 hr/day) (p = 0.017) had a significant effect on CFS [high income (OR: 9.60, CI, 95%: 1.98 – 46.54) and overworking (OR: 7.66, CI, 95%: 1.44 – 40.92), respectively]. CFS was also related to being under 35 years old.

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