Migration, tourism, and the development of the home countries: Evidence from Morocco

The aim of this paper is to study, both theoretically and empirically, tourism as a channel of Migration and Development. Relaying on migration networks and trade literature, the study suppose that migration networks affect positively tourism flows to the origin countries. Theoretically, global migration networks effect on tourism is composed of migrant generations, transactions, preferences and emigrants’ life style effects. Such effects could adapt, promote and advertise tourism flows to origin countries. Empirically, the gravity model has been used to estimate the global effect of networks on Moroccan tourism inflows from the eight principal immigration countries during the periods (2000, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014). Our study reveals that a ten-percent rise in the emigration rate from Morocco increases the real value of Moroccan tourism inflows by 1.3 %. Key words: Migration, Networks, Tourism, Development.

Extinction debt in local habitats: quantifying the roles of random drift, immigration and emigration

We developed a time-dependent stochastic neutral model for predicting diverse temporal trajectories of biodiversity change in response to ecological disturbance (i.e. habitat destruction) and dispersal dynamic (i.e. emigration and immigration). The model is general and predicts how transition behaviours of extinction may accumulate according to a different combination of random drift, immigration rate, emigration rate and the degree of habitat destruction. We show that immigration, emigration, the areal size of the destroyed habitat and initial species abundance distribution (SAD) can impact the total biodiversity loss in an intact local area. Among these, the SAD plays the most deterministic role, as it directly determines the initial species richness in the local target area. By contrast, immigration was found to slow down total biodiversity loss and can drive the emergence of species credits (i.e. a gain of species) over time. However, the emigration process would increase the extinction risk of species and accelerate biodiversity loss. Finally but notably, we found that a shift in the emigration rate after a habitat destruction event may be a new mechanism to generate species credits.

Optimal education policy and human capital accumulation in the context of brain drain

This paper revisits the question of how brain drain affects the optimal education policy of a developing economy. Our framework of analysis highlights the complementarity between public spending on education and students' efforts to acquire human capital in response to career opportunities at home and abroad. Given this complementarity, we find that brain drain has conflicting effects on the optimal provision of public education. A positive response is called for when the international earning differential with destination countries is large, and when the emigration rate is relatively low. In contrast with the findings in the existing literature, our numerical experiments show that these required conditions are in fact present in a large number of developing countries; they are equivalent to those under which an increase in emigration induces a net brain gain. As a further contribution, we study the interaction between the optimal immigration policy of the host country and education policy of the source country in a game-theoretic framework.

Israel

This chapter analyzes EU citizenship in Israel. Israel's high income level and low emigration rate set it apart from Serbia and Mexico and make dual citizenship less obviously useful. EU–Israeli dual citizens rarely refer to themselves as dual citizens, but instead see themselves as “Israelis with a European passport.” The chapter then demonstrates that citizenship applicants are mainly driven by two motivations that were conditioned by Jewish history. The first is the wish to hold an insurance policy against the possibility of Israel being destroyed. The second is the desire for a status symbol that signifies their elitist position in Israel as European-origin Jews. Ironically, the grandchildren of Jews who had left Europe for Israel now look to German or Hungarian passports for security.

Methods and techniques to measure migration movements: Brazilian state of Goiás and the Federal District, 1975-1979 and 1986-1990

Title in Portuguese: Métodos e técnicas de mensuração de movimentos migratórios: Goiás e Distrito Federal, 1975-1979 e 1986-1990Abstract: This article discusses methodological procedures used to obtain indicators of standards and levels of migratory movements. The objective is to understand processes for estimating functions of migration based on the Demographic Censuses of 1980 and 1991, and studies that propose methods for estimating migration were analyzed. The proposal by Machado (1993) for calculating specific rates of emigration (TEEx) from data on the last stage of residence is very efficient for estimating migration functions. But adjustments in the calculation of the TEEx are made to obtain more consistent patterns of migratory functions. In the case of the 1991 Brazilian Census, rates were also estimated using data from fixed dates. This article also proposes an analysis of the level of migration using the Total Emigration Rate (TET). These techniques were applied to migration to Goiás and the Federal District, with analysis of the pattern and level of the demographic flows.Resumo: O artigo discute os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados para obtenção de indicadores de padrão e nível de movimentos migratórios. O objetivo é compreender os processos de estimação de funções de migração com os dados dos Censos Demográficos de 1980 e 1991. Foram analisados estudos que propuseram metodologias de estimação da migração. A proposta de Machado (1993), de calcular Taxas Específicas de Emigração (TEEx) com dados de última etapa de residência, é muito eficiente para estimar funções de migração. Porém, são realizados ajustes no cálculo das TEEx para se obter padrões das funções de migração mais consistentes. No caso do Censo de 1991, também foram estimadas taxas com dados de data fixa. Além disso, o artigo propõe a análise do nível da migração com o uso da Taxa de Emigração Total (TET). Essas técnicas foram aplicadas à migração para Goiás e Distrito Federal, com análise do padrão e nível dos fluxos populacionais.

Weather explains high annual variation in butterfly dispersal

Weather conditions fundamentally affect the activity of short-lived insects. Annual variation in weather is therefore likely to be an important determinant of their between-year variation in dispersal, but conclusive empirical studies are lacking. We studied whether the annual variation of dispersal can be explained by the flight season's weather conditions in a Clouded Apollo ( Parnassius mnemosyne ) metapopulation. This metapopulation was monitored using the mark–release–recapture method for 12 years. Dispersal was quantified for each monitoring year using three complementary measures: emigration rate (fraction of individuals moving between habitat patches), average residence time in the natal patch, and average distance moved. There was much variation both in dispersal and average weather conditions among the years. Weather variables significantly affected the three measures of dispersal and together with adjusting variables explained 79–91% of the variation observed in dispersal. Different weather variables became selected in the models explaining variation in three dispersal measures apparently because of the notable intercorrelations. In general, dispersal rate increased with increasing temperature, solar radiation, proportion of especially warm days, and butterfly density, and decreased with increasing cloudiness, rainfall, and wind speed. These results help to understand and model annually varying dispersal dynamics of species affected by global warming.

Closed-Form Solution for the Solow Model with Constant Migration

In this work we deal with the Solow economic growth model, when the labor force is ruled by the Malthusian law added by a constant migration rate I. Considering a Cobb-Douglas production function, we prove some stability issues and find a closed-form solution for the emigration case, involving Gauss' Hypergeometric functions. In addition, we prove that, depending on the value of the emigration rate, the economy could collapse, stabilize at a constant level, or grow more slowly than the standard Solow model. Immigration also can be analyzed by the model if the Malthusian manpower is declining.