scholarly journals ГРАНИЦЫ ВИЗУАЛЬНОГО РЕЖИМА МОДЕРНА: СИНКРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОБРАЗЫ РЯДОМ С ЕДИНООБРАЗИЕМ ВИДЕНИЯ

Author(s):  
Alexander Pigalev

В статье автор прослеживает становление способа видения, присущего модерну, с целью определить его границы и тем самым зоны контакта, в которых он соприкасается с другими способами видения. Такие зоны рассматриваются в качестве социальных пространств. Отправной точкой анализа является констатация тезиса о том, что модерн должен быть охарактеризован посредством указания на центральное положение и даже гегемонию зрения, но только с учётом особенностей человека и общества, преобразованных модернизацией. Переход от непосредственности общественных отношений к преобладанию опосредования в эпоху модерна выявляет тот факт, что зрение представляет собой социокультурный конструкт, который встраивается в сеть опосредующих структур и превращается в визуальность в качестве способа видения, зависящего от них. Исследование ориентируется на концепцию визуальности в качестве репрезентации, которая, хотя она и предполагает дуализм означаемого и означающего, не может быть истолкована как просто отражение, подражание или копирование реальности. Главным в понимании репрезентации является то, что она не является спокойным и ненапряжённым отношением между означаемым и означающим, а представляет собой всеобъемлющее упорядочение репрезентируемой реальности. Именно допущение, что субъект с определённой точки зрения принудительно придаёт реальности некоторую структуру, позволяет, в соответствии с пониманием Мартина Хайдеггера, истолковать модерн как эпоху репрезентации. В результате признание наличия в репрезентации принудительного элемента позволяет определить способ видения модерна как визуальный режим. Такой подход открывает возможность, с одной стороны, обнаружения особенностей способов видения, предшествующих модерну, а с другой стороны, выявления сходств между теорией линейной перспективы и концепцией субъективности. Рассмотрение исходит из положения, согласно которому образы, определяемые способами видения премодерна, отличаются недостаточной структурной упорядоченностью и включают в свой состав синкретическую совокупность разнородных элементов или, как назвал эту произвольную множественность Клод Леви-Строс, «бриколаж». Переход от способа видения, присущего премодерну, к начальным формам визуального режима модерна сравнивается с возникновением метафизики и логики. Они включили принудительный элемент в неорганизованное мышление и, кроме того, создали возможности для определяющей роли репрезентации. Изобретение линейной перспективы понимается как кульминационный пункт развития концепции репрезентации и в том же ключе как аналог развития субъективности. Указывается также, что линейная перспектива лежит в основе того единственного визуального режима, который, как представляется, без каких-либо оговорок совместим с основополагающими принципами модерна и потому часто называется «картезианским перспективизмом». Тем не менее похоже, что вопрос о возможности других способов видения не закрыт и визуальные режимы Северного Возрождения и барокко чаще всего претендуют на принадлежность к модерну. В статье приводятся доводы в пользу правдоподобия попытки иного осмысления альтернативных визуальных режимов и, следовательно, решения вопроса об обоснованности их отнесения к модерну. В заключение рассматривается возможность использования концепции барокко в широком смысле в качестве исследовательского инструмента, с помощью которого синкретические визуальные режимы могли бы изучаться в качестве границ визуального режима модерна.The paper retraces the formation of the way of seeing of modernity with a view to identifying its limits and thereby the contact zones as the social spaces where it engages with other ways of seeing. The starting point of the analysis is the statement that modernity in the aspect under consideration should be defined by means of pointing at the centrality and even the hegemony of the sight, but only taking into account the peculiarities of man and society that have been transformed by the modernization. The shift from immediacy of societal relations to prevalence of mediation in modernity discloses the fact of social and cultural construction of vision that becomes entangled in a network of mediating structures and turns into visuality as a way of seeing which depends on them. The consideration focuses on the concept of visuality as a representation that, albeit it presupposes the dualism of the signified and the signifier, cannot be interpreted as barely reflecting, imitating, or copying reality. What is at issue in the construal of representation is not the quiet and relaxed relation between the signified and the signifier, but the pervasive ordering of reality to be represented. Just the assumption that the subject coercively frames reality from a certain point of view makes it possible to construe the modernity in tune with Martin Heidegger’s understanding as the age of the dominance of representation. In the issue, the admission of the coercive element of representation makes it possible to specify the way of seeing in modernity as the visual regime. Such approach opens up possibilities, on the one hand, for specifying the ways of seeing which precede modernity and, on the other hand, for the detection of similarities between the theory of the linear perspective and the concept of subjectivity. The consideration proceeds from the point that the imagery of the pre-modern ways of seeing that is characterized by the insufficient structural order contains the syncretic combination of heterogeneous entities or “bricolage” as such random multitude was designated by Claude Levi-Strauss. The transition from the pre-modern way of seeing to the rudiments of the visual regime of modernity is regarded as comparable to the emergence of metaphysics and logic. They had embedded the coercive element in unorganized thinking and besides opened the door for the dominance of representation. The invention of linear perspective is interpreted as the climax of the concept of representation and in the same vein as the counterpart of the formation of subjectivity. It is also pointed out that the linear perspective underlies the only visual regime which seems to be compatible with the philosophy of modernity without reserve and therefore this visual regime is often called “Cartesian perspectivism”. Nevertheless, the question of other ways of seeing does not look as if it is closed and the visual regimes of Northern Renaissance and Baroque as often as not also have a claim on belonging to modernity. In the paper it is argued in favor of the plausibility of another trying to find the sense of alternative visual regimes and hence to decide the issue of the relevance of their attribution to modernity. In fine the concept of baroque in the wide sense is supposed to be the research tool through which the syncretic visual regimes could be studied as the limits for the visual regime of modernity.

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Yaron

AbstractModern poetry developed and transformed difficulty into a prominent aesthetic norm of poetry. The abundance of difficult poetic texts necessitates a study of the corpus. After differentiating between the way difficulty is perceived in poetry and in other communicative acts, I present the approach that I have adopted for the purpose of studying difficult poetry. In contrast to other studies which have examined difficulty from the author's perspective and, as a consequence, described factors that cause textual difficulty, I propose to examine the subject from the reader's point of view. The reader, after all, is the one who feels or does not feel the difficulty. The concept ‘difficult poem’ is necessarily interdisciplinary and the question of what is “difficult” involves cognitive psychology and its models of text comprehension. Following a discussion of these domains, I present the “definition” that I propose for the ‘difficult poem’.


Author(s):  
Natalya N. Rostova

The article examines the work of Vasily Polenov. The author presents Polenov’s artistic path as the dramatic choice between what is commonly called genre and landscape painting. From the philosophical point of view, the problem consists in concept of understanding art. On the one hand, the essence of art can be reduced to «what», to writing a story, a big sense. On the other hand, art can be understood as «painting for painting’s sake». In this sense, the tension in Polenov’s work arises between the paintings «Moscow Courtyard» and «Christ and the Sinner». The author notes that the way out of this dilemma is to understand art as the subject that reflects the non-objectifiable and devoid of anything essence. The article analyzes the philosophical meaning of Polenov’s paintings of the gospel cycle and provides a philosophical analysis of the artist’s nostalgic paintings. The author comes to the conclusion that Polenov’s paintings are the form that establishes an emotionally experiencing human being


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Dror Pimentel

Most rare are those works of art that, in a simple visual gesture, succeed in formulating a dilemma that occupies culture as a whole. Such is the artwork of Joseph Beuys entitled Fat Chair. The work�viewed mainly from a phenomenological perspective�is comprised of two elements holding a tension: a chair on the one hand, and a lump of fat placed on top of it on the other. The tension between these elements, so the article argues, manifests the tension between two types of violence: following Benjamin, these are termed �the violence of the Father� and �the violence of the Other� (or in Hebrew, �the Violence of ha-Rav�). The violence of the Father refers mainly to the violence of culture: the violence of the concept and the category from the side of the object, and the violence of the law/name of the Father from the side of the subject. The violence of the Other, transgressing distinctions between good and evil and subject and object, is the violence of the pre-cultural and the primordial, before law and language. This primal violence cannot appear in its full presence, either in culture in general or in art in particular; it can only appear as a leftover and a spectre. Beuys' artwork manifests this aporetic appearance in a paradigmatic manner, and in this sense, it could serve as a paradigm for the possibility of hospitality in art. In fact, the article opens the way for an argument of a larger scale, according to which art, and not the social sphere�as Levinas maintains�should be viewed as the sphere of the� hospitality of the entirely Other. The study of such hospitality in art should therefore be termed �Aesth-ethics.�


2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-182
Author(s):  
Milan Brdar

What does Heidegger?s discussion of authenticity of Dasein, as presented in Sein und Zeit (1927), contribute to the completion of his program of fundamental ontology (aiming at the sense of being as such)? Aiming to answer to this question the author examines the way authenticity is constructed. The author specifically emphasizes the fact that the authenticity is completed within what is given in ?the One? (?das Man?), in the process by which Dasein realizes within its way of being his own specification or concretization. Furthermore Heidegger claims, on the one hand, that it is not possible to rank authenticity and inauthenticity as being something of ?higher? and ?lower? order, and, on the other hand, that the world has a transcendental status with primary role of the One (das Man). Therefore Dasein understands all from the world, builds its understanding by taking it from the world and constructing out of it its own specification. This has two important consequences: the first is the realization that authenticity has no significance for fundamental ontology, for the understanding of the Being that the Dasein has acquired is equally valuable whether it is authentic or not; and the second is that authenticity is of negligible significance, for the understanding that the Dasein has is obtained from the One, and because the world has a transcendental status, hence it is a priori as far as the understanding of all Being goes. Why then Heidegger deals with authenticity? Reason is to be found not in preparing work for fundamental onthology but in Heidegger?s anticartesianism. As he sketched the concept of Dasein in contrast to Descartes? subject, he created a problem for himself. Just as Descartes had a problem with finding the way to bring the subject to the world, Heidegger is facing a problem: How can the Dasein, as something integrated into the world as beingin- the-world and being-with-Others, come to itself? Finding the answer to this question does not engage fundamental ontology, for it must be obtained as a precondition for creating the starting point for it. Finally, the author discusses a problem that emerges from this perspective: What is the source of Heidegger?s turn (Kehre)? Emphasized as reasons are Heidegger?s anthropocentrism and remnants of the subject-object relation. Anthropocentrism, however, was already overcomed in SuZ with the thesis about the trancendentalty of the world and by de-centering the subject given the primacy of understanding as contained in the One. As for the subject-object relation, it was overcome through the very discussion of authenticity on the basis of the thesis that the Dasein and the world are in original unity. It follows, then, that Heidegger did not offer the real reasons for his turn, hence the question remains: Why Heidegger did not remain satisfied with those results? That remains to be uncovered by further analyses of his philosophy!


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Baron-Milian

The article is an attempt to interpret the only book published by Jerzy Jankowski, a forerunner of Polish futurism who is often overlooked in literary history related to the beginnings of the avant-garde movement. Tram wpopszek ulicy (Tram crossways on the street), published in 1920, is presented in terms of innovative phenomena in Polish and European poetry. Such a point of view reveals its precursory character, despite its passeism repeatedly diagnosed by critics. The key word and the starting point of the analysis is the first word of the title – tram, whose ambiguity makes it not only a sign of a modern city but also a metaphor of the construction of the entire book and its historical location. Further analysis leads to conclusions that, on the one hand, reveal the complicated meaning of the vitalistic futurist concept of life and, on the other, indicate aporias and tensions between symbolism and avant-garde, originality and repetition, materiality and spirituality, as well as aesthetics and the social function of art. These seem to be a hidden dimension of Jankowski’s work.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Gan N.Yu. ◽  
Ponomareva L.I. ◽  
Obukhova K.A.

Today, worldview, spiritual and moral problems that have always been reflected in education and upbringing come to the fore in society. In this situation, there is a demand for philosophical categories. One of the priority goals of education in modern conditions is the formation of a reasonable, reflexive person who is able to analyze their actions and the actions of other people. Modern science is characterized by an understanding of the absolute value and significance of childhood in the development of the individual, which implies the need for its multilateral study. In the conditions of democratization of all spheres of life, the child ceases to be a passive object of education and training, and becomes an active carrier of their own meanings of being and the subject of world creation. One of the realities of childhood is philosophizing, so it is extremely timely to address the identification of its place and role in the world of childhood. Children's philosophizing is extremely poorly studied, although the need for its analysis is becoming more obvious. Children's philosophizing is one of the forms of philosophical reflection, which has its own qualitative specificity, on the one hand, and commonality with all other forms of philosophizing, on the other. The social relevance of the proposed research lies in the fact that children's philosophizing can be considered as an intellectual indicator of a child's socialization, since the process of reflection involves the adoption and development of culture. Modern society, in contrast to the traditional one, is ready to "accept" a philosophizing child, which means that it is necessary to determine the main characteristics and conditions of children's philosophizing.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 278-282
Author(s):  
Kirill A. Popov

This review is devoted to the monograph by Jan Nedvěd “We do not decline our heads. The events of the year 1968 in Karlovy Vary”. The Karlovy Vary municipal museum coincided its publishing with the fiftieth anniversary of the Prague spring which, considering the way of the presentation, turned the book not only to scientific event but also to the social one. The book describes sociopolitical trends in the region before the year 1968, the development of the reformist movement, the invasion and advance of the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries, and finally the decline of the reformist mood and the beginning of the normalization. Working on his writing, the author deeply studied the materials of the local archive and gathered the unique selection of the photographs depicting the passage of the soviet army through the spa town and the protest actions of its inhabitants. In the meantime, Nedvěd takes undue freedom with scientific terms, and his selection of historiography raises questions. The author bases his research on the Czech papers and scarcely uses the books of Russian origin. He also did not study the subject of the participating of the GDR’s army in the operation Danube, although these troops were concentrated on the borders of Karlovy Vary region as well. Because of this decision, there are no materials from German archives or historiography in the monograph. In general, the work lacks the width of studying its subject, but it definitively accomplishes the task of depicting the Prague spring from the regional perspective.


Author(s):  
Christopher Hanlon

Emerson’s Memory Loss is about an archive of texts documenting Emerson’s intellectual state during the final phase of his life, as he underwent dementia. It is also about the way these texts provoke a rereading of the more familiar canon of Emerson’s thinking. Emerson’s memory loss, Hanlon argues, contributed to the shaping of a line of thought in America that emphasizes the social over the solipsistic, the affective over the distant, the many over the one. Emerson regarded his output during the time when his patterns of cognition transformed profoundly as a regathering of focus on the nature of memory and of thinking itself. His late texts theorize Emerson’s experience of senescence even as they disrupt his prior valorizations of the independent mind teeming with self-sufficient conviction. But still, these late writings have succumbed to a process of critical forgetting—either ignored by scholars or denied inclusion in Emerson’s oeuvre. Attending to a manuscript archive that reveals the extent to which Emerson collaborated with others—especially his daughter, Ellen Tucker Emerson—to articulate what he considered his most important work even as his ability to do so independently waned, Hanlon measures the resonance of these late texts across the stretch of Emerson’s thinking, including his writing about Margaret Fuller and his meditations on streams of thought that verge unto those of his godson, William James. Such ventures bring us toward a self defined less by its anxiety of overinfluence than by its communality, its very connectedness with myriad others.


Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.


2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 538-566
Author(s):  
Sandra Issel-Dombert

AbstractFrom a theoretical and empirical linguistic point of view, this paper emphasizes the importance of the relationship between populism and the media. The aim of this article is to explore the language use of the Spanish right wing populism party Vox on the basis of its multimodal postings on the social network Instagram. For the analysis of their Instagram account, a suitable multimodal discourse analysis (MDA) provides a variety of methods and allows a theoretical integration into constructivism. A hashtag-analysis reveals that Vox’s ideology consists of a nativist and ethnocentric nationalism on the one hand and conservatism on the other. With a topos analysis, the linguistic realisations of these core elements are illustrated with two case studies.


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