scholarly journals PENGARUH POLA HARI HUJAN TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN PENYAKIT GUGUR DAUN CORYNESPORA PADA TANAMAN KARET MENGHASILKAN

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Nurhayati Nurhayati ◽  
Aron Situmorang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Observation Period

Effect of weather on the development of leaf fall disease in the yielding rubber estate.  This research was conducted in  PTP VII Bergen Lampung  from  July  to August for 2005 and 2006 (new leaves period). This research was carried out using survey and experiment methods.  Parameters observed in the research were persentages of leaf stage, the number of leaf fall  per m2 caused by Corynespora cassiicola and amount of  spore distributed  in air, daily rainfall amount and number of rain days. Results of the study showed that  the pattern of rainfall  and number of raindays affected the development of plant’s new  leaves and  leaf fall disease caused by Corynespora.  The amount of spores distributed in the air was relatively higher in 2005 observation period compared to  2006 one.  The pattern of rainfall and number of rain days also affected the disease severity which was higher in 2005 compared to 2006. Epidemy  was occurred when lower rainfall amount  taking place intermittently with sunny days in the period of new leave formation.

scholarly journals Genomic Characteristics and Comparative Genomics Analysis of Two Chinese Corynespora cassiicola Strains Causing Corynespora Leaf Fall (CLF) Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Boxun Li ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Jimiao Cai ◽  
Xianbao Liu ◽  
Tao Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Leaf Fall

Rubber tree Corynespora leaf fall (CLF) disease, caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola, is one of the most damaging diseases in rubber tree plantations in Asia and Africa, and this disease also threatens rubber nurseries and young rubber plantations in China. C. cassiicola isolates display high genetic diversity, and virulence profiles vary significantly depending on cultivar. Although one phytotoxin (cassicolin) has been identified, it cannot fully explain the diversity in pathogenicity between C. cassiicola species, and some virulent C. cassiicola strains do not contain the cassiicolin gene. In the present study, we report high-quality gapless genome sequences, obtained using short-read sequencing and single-molecule long-read sequencing, of two Chinese C. cassiicola virulent strains. Comparative genomics of gene families in these two stains and a virulent CPP strain from the Philippines showed that all three strains experienced different selective pressures, and metabolism-related gene families vary between the strains. Secreted protein analysis indicated that the quantities of secreted cell wall-degrading enzymes were correlated with pathogenesis, and the most aggressive CCP strain (cassiicolin toxin type 1) encoded 27.34% and 39.74% more secreted carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) than Chinese strains YN49 and CC01, respectively, both of which can only infect rubber tree saplings. The results of antiSMASH analysis showed that all three strains encode ~60 secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters (SM BGCs). Phylogenomic and domain structure analyses of core synthesis genes, together with synteny analysis of polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene clusters, revealed diversity in the distribution of SM BGCs between strains, as well as SM polymorphisms, which may play an important role in pathogenic progress. The results expand our understanding of the C. cassiicola genome. Further comparative genomic analysis indicates that secreted CAZymes and SMs may influence pathogenicity in rubber tree plantations. The findings facilitate future exploration of the molecular pathogenic mechanism of C. cassiicola.

scholarly journals Changes in the occurrence of rainfall-induced landslides in Calabria, Southern Italy, in the 20th century

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 3579-3619
Author(s):  
S. L. Gariano ◽  
O. Petrucci ◽  
F. Guzzetti
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Entire Observation Period ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. We exploit a catalogue of 1466 rainfall events with landslides in the 90 year period 1921–2010 to study temporal and geographical variations in the occurrence of landslides in Calabria, Southern Italy. We use daily rainfall records obtained by a network of 318 rain gauges to reconstruct 448 493 rainfall events. Combining the rainfall and the landslide information, we obtain a catalogue of 1466 rainfall events with landslides (REL) in Calabria from 1921 to 2010, where a REL is the occurrence of one or more landslide during or immediately after a rainfall event. We find that the geographical and the temporal distributions of the rainfall-induced landslides have changed in the observation period. The average and the maximum values of the cumulated event rainfall that have resulted in landslides in the recent-most 30 year period 1981–2010 are lower than the values necessary to trigger landslides in previous periods, whereas the duration of the rainfall events that triggered landslides has remained the same. This can be considered evidence of variations in rainfall conditions, but also an increase in the vulnerability of the territory. We further find that the yearly distribution of rainfall-induced landslides has changed in the observation period, analysing the variations in the number of rainfall events with landslides occurred in each month in three 30 year periods. To investigate variations in the impact of REL on the population, we compared the number of REL in each of the 409 municipalities in Calabria, with the size of the population in the municipalities, measured by national Censuses conducted in 1951, 1981, and 2011. For the purpose, we adopted two strategies. The first strategy considered impact as IREL = #REL/P and the second strategy measured impact as RREL = #REL × P, where #REL is the total number of REL in a period, and P is the size of the population in the same period and geographical area. Considering the entire observation period, IREL and RREL have both increased in Calabria. However, considering the changes between the recent period 1981–2010 and the previous period 1951–1980, results are more variegated with a number of municipalities where IREL and RREL have increased, or decreased. Municipalities where IREL has increased are mainly in the mountains, and municipalities where RREL has increased are mainly along the coasts.

scholarly journals Investigation of Discrepancies in Satellite Rainfall Estimates over Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 2347-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Young ◽  
Charles J. R. Williams ◽  
J. Christine Chiu ◽  
Ross I. Maidment ◽  
Shu-Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Shallow Convection ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Satellite Rainfall ◽  
Convective Cells ◽  
Rainfall Estimates

Abstract Tropical Applications of Meteorology Using Satellite and Ground-Based Observations (TAMSAT) rainfall estimates are used extensively across Africa for operational rainfall monitoring and food security applications; thus, regional evaluations of TAMSAT are essential to ensure its reliability. This study assesses the performance of TAMSAT rainfall estimates, along with the African Rainfall Climatology (ARC), version 2; the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 product; and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), against a dense rain gauge network over a mountainous region of Ethiopia. Overall, TAMSAT exhibits good skill in detecting rainy events but underestimates rainfall amount, while ARC underestimates both rainfall amount and rainy event frequency. Meanwhile, TRMM consistently performs best in detecting rainy events and capturing the mean rainfall and seasonal variability, while CMORPH tends to overdetect rainy events. Moreover, the mean difference in daily rainfall between the products and rain gauges shows increasing underestimation with increasing elevation. However, the distribution in satellite–gauge differences demonstrates that although 75% of retrievals underestimate rainfall, up to 25% overestimate rainfall over all elevations. Case studies using high-resolution simulations suggest underestimation in the satellite algorithms is likely due to shallow convection with warm cloud-top temperatures in addition to beam-filling effects in microwave-based retrievals from localized convective cells. The overestimation by IR-based algorithms is attributed to nonraining cirrus with cold cloud-top temperatures. These results stress the importance of understanding regional precipitation systems causing uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimates with a view toward using this knowledge to improve rainfall algorithms.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of Corynespora cassiicola Leaf Fall Disease Putative Effectors

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lopez ◽  
Sébastien Ribeiro ◽  
Philippe Label ◽  
Boris Fumanal ◽  
Jean-Stéphane Venisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Genome Wide Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide

scholarly journals Evaluasi Cendawan Endofit Asal Tanaman Karet untuk Mengendalikan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Patogen Penyakit Gugur Daun Colletotrichum

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Rita Harni ◽  
Khaerati Khaerati ◽  
Edi Wardiana
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Pathogen Colonization ◽  
Crop Research ◽  
Important Disease

<p><em>Colletotrichum leaf fall disease caused by </em>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<em> is an important disease in rubber plants. The </em>C. gloeosporioides<strong><em> </em></strong><em>Infection can reduce production by 7%-45%. Controlling the pathogen using endophytic fungi is very promising because it can suppress inoculum and pathogen colonization, induce plant resistance, and trigger plant growth. The study aimed to evaluate the endophytic fungus isolate from rubber to control </em>C. gloeosporioides<strong><em> </em></strong><em>as a pathogen that caused the rubber leaf fall disease. This research was carried out in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crop Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi, from March to November 2018. The isolates used were endophytic fungi isolates from rubber plants, which were tested for their inhibition against </em>C. gloeosporioides<em> in vitro on rubber leaves and seedlings, and their mechanism. The variable observed were the inhibition rate, incubation periods, number of spots, disease severity, and plant growth. The results showed that the endophytic fungus could inhibit the growth of </em>C. gloeosporioides<em> about 64.17% - 86.67%. The high inhibitory activity (&gt;80%) in isolates CEPR.19, CEPR.6, CEBPM.21, DTJE.1, and DMJE27 were 86.67%; 83.33%; 83.33%; 82.92%, and 82.50%, respectively. The observations on seedlings obtained three potential fungal isolates to control </em>C. gloeosporioides<em> on rubber leaves, namely CEBPM.21, CEPR19, and DTJE.1 with suppression of disease severity about 68.57%; 67.88%, and 60.20% with their mechanisms of action inducing resistance, antibiosis, competition, and hyperparasites.</em><em></em></p>

Purification and characterization of cassiicolin, the toxin produced by Corynespora cassiicola, causal agent of the leaf fall disease of rubber tree

2007 ◽  
Vol 849 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric de Lamotte ◽  
Marie-Pierre Duviau ◽  
Christine Sanier ◽  
Robert Thai ◽  
Joël Poncet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Purification And Characterization

scholarly journals Selection of Phylloplane and Endophyte Microbes as Biocontrol for Rubber Leaf Fall Disease (Corynespora cassiicola)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Khaerati Khaerati ◽  
Yulius Ferry ◽  
Rusli Rusli
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Inhibitory Analysis ◽  
Phylloplane Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Power ◽  
Yield Decrease ◽  
Selection Of

<p><em>Leaf fall disease in rubber caused by </em>Corynespora cassiicola<em> </em><em>fungi significantly decreases rubber productivity. </em>C. cassiicola<em> causes leaves to fall all year round</em><em>,  a delay in the tapping of immature rubber  plants, yield decrease of producing plants, and even death of susceptible clones.  The study aimed to obtain phylloplane and endophytic microbes potentially to inhibit the disease, was conducted from January to December 2016. The study used randomized complete design to assess antagonistic fungi and phylloplane and endophytic bacterias toward </em>C. cassiicola<em> in isolates obtained through exploration in </em><em>West Java and West Kalimantan. Pathogen isolation showed </em>Corynespora sp<em> with pale brown color, single conidia which slightly bended, shaped like a stick that is swollen at the base, with 2–14 septa.  Inhibitory analysis found 42 fungi isolates and 19 bacteria isolates potentially inhibiting </em>C. cassiicola<em>. </em><em>Six fungi isolates have an inhibitory ability of ≥90%, consisting of two phylloplane fungi isolates (DTJF11 and CPSR7) and four endophytic fungi (CEBPM15, CEBPM23, CEBPM27, and CEPR9) with lysis, mycoparasitism, competition, and antibiosis inhibitory mechanism. The identification showed fungi isolate of DTJF11 is classified as  </em>Trichoderma asperellum<em>, CPSR7 as </em>Talaromyces pinophilus<em>, and CEBPM15</em><em> as </em>Amanita tenuifolia<em>.  </em><em>Potential bacterial isolates as biological agents are BP7, L3, BP3, BP4, BP5 and BP6 isolates, which have inhibitory power of 28.54%–40.94%, with antibiosis inhibition mechanism.</em></p>

scholarly journals KISARAN INANG Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt) Wei PADA TANAMAN DI SEKITAR PERTANAMAN KARET (Hevea brassiliensis Muell)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
Suryani Sajar
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Resistant Rubber ◽  
Important Disease

Leaf fall disease caused by Corynespora cassiicola is the most important disease in a rubber plantation. Thedisruption will decrease the productivity, delaying on grafting in a nursery and hard attack will flaw the seed,stunted and even dead. Curative prevention on old crop need huge expenses with uncertain result, hence it isnecessary to understand the host range of C. cassiicola completed with its cultural characteristics to utilizedin disease preventions such as intercropping and mixed cropping recommendation for weed control action.This study aims to obtain plants that are host of C. cassiicola. This research showed that isolate of C. cassiicolafrom clone GT1 of rubber infected 12 plants from 16 tested plants in various incubation periods which were:cucumber, soybean, alamanda, papaya, cassava, babadotan, sweet potato, tapak dara, peanuts, asystasia,mucuna, and RRIM 600. Pathogenicity examination showed 5 resistence degree, which were: resistant(babadotan, lulangan weed, sweet potato, mucuna, lantana, asystasia, spinach torm and sembung rambat) ;slightly resistant (rubber, peanuts, alamanda and tapak dara) ; moderate (soybean and papaya) ; slightlysusceptible (cassava) and susceptible (cucumber).

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