scholarly journals The effect of rootstock on apple tree bearing stability in a cooler climate

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius Kviklys ◽  
Alina Čeidaitė ◽  
Juozas Lanauskas ◽  
Nobertas Uselis ◽  
Giedrė Samuolienė
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Dwarf Rootstocks

The effect of rootstock on apple yield, productivity and alternate bearing was investigated at the Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry during a six-year period in a full bearing orchard. Apple cultivars ‘Ligol’ and ‘Auksis’ grafted on M.26 semi-dwarf rootstock; M.9, B.396, P 66, P 67 and Pure 1 dwarf rootstocks; and P 59, P 22, P 61, P 62 and PB.4 super-dwarf rootstocks were tested. Rootstock had a significant effect on apple tree growth, average yield and cumulative yield efficiency. Alternate apple bearing did not depend on rootstock vigour. Constant correlations between bearing regularity, average yield and cumulative yield efficiency were not established and differed on a cultivar or rootstock level. On the average of both tested cultivars, a more regular apple yield was recorded on Pure 1, P 59 and B.396 rootstocks. A significantly higher alternate bearing index was established on P 67, P 62 and M.9 rootstocks.

scholarly journals Effects of Fertigation with Nitrogen on Growth and Cropping of `Elstar' Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 775E-776
Author(s):  
Zlatko Cmelik* ◽  
Stanislav Tojnko
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
Second Year ◽  
And Control

The trial was conducted in a `Elstar'/M9 orchard (2500 trees/ha) and the experiment was designed as a split-block comprising five treatments (fertigation with 45 kg·ha-1 N, 60 kg·ha-1 N, 120 kg·ha-1 N, irrigation without fertilizers, and control—without irrigation and without fertilizers), and two timing variants (treatments during vegetation period from 1 May to 20 June—variant A, and treatments from 1 May to 1 Aug.—variant B). The treatments were imposed beginning in the second year after planting and lasted five years. Fertigation with different amounts of nitrogen had no consistent effect on tree growth, cumulative yield and yield efficiency, however, treatments had a significant influence on regularity of bearing. The index of alternate bearing varied with treatment, but in both variant was significantly higher in control and in treatment with irrigation without application of fertilizer. These results demonstrated that the natural tendency of `Elstar' to alternate bearing could be broken by the different rates of nitrogen applied by fertigation.

scholarly journals Growth and Performance of Five Disease-resistant Apple Cultivars on M.27 EMLA, M.26 EMLA, and Mark Rootstocks

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 473A-473
Author(s):  
J.R. Schupp ◽  
S.I. Koller
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
And Performance

The growth, precocity, yield, and fruit size of `Liberty', `NY 75414-1', `NY 74828-12', and `NY 65707-19' on M.27 EMLA, M.26 EMLA, and Mark rootstocks, and `McShay' on M.26 EMLA and Mark, were compared. `Liberty', `McShay', and `NY 74828-12' trees were larger than `NY 75414-1', while `NY 65707-19' trees were the smallest. Among rootstocks, trees on Mark were larger than trees on M.26, while trees on M.27 were the smallest. There were no interactions between cultivar and rootstock on tree growth in this study. `NY 74828-12' produced the most flower clusters in the 3rd and 4th years of the study, and `NY 65707-19' the least. In 1993, trees on Mark had more flowers than those on M.26, while trees on M.27 had the fewest flower clusters. `Liberty', `NY 75414-1', and `NY 74828-12' produced higher cumulative yield than `McShay' and `NY 65707-19'. Trees on Mark had higher cumulative yield than M.26, while trees on M.27 produced the smallest yields. Fruit size was greatest for `NY 65707-19' and smallest for `NY 74828-12'. Trees on M.27 produced smaller-sized fruit than trees on M.26 or Mark. `NY 75414-1' had moderate vigor, high precocity, yield, and yield efficiency, with acceptable fruit size. `NY 74828-12' also performed well in this trial, but possesses Vm resistance to apple scab, not Vf, and is unlikely to be named. Based on tree vigor, percocity, yield, and fruit size, `Liberty' and `NY 75414-1' have the best potential for commercial production among DRCs in this trial. Mark rootstock produced the largest trees with the highest yields, and was superior to M.26 as a rootstock for the DRCs in this study.

A PROSPECTS OF THE SUPER-INTENSIVE UNSUPPORTED GARDENS ESTABLISHMENT OF COLUMNAR APPLE TREE VARIETIES

1970 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Янчук
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dwarf Rootstocks

Columnar apple cultivars are optimally suited to lay apple tree plantings using intensive technology, which provides for super-dense placement of trees. The article considers a variant of growing columnar apple cultivars on inserts of dwarf rootstocks 3-17-38 and 62-396. The use of dwarf rootstocks 3-17-38 and 62-396 as intercalar inserts in the cultivation of columnar apple cultivars, along with good anchoring of plants, provides high precocity, productivity and economic efficiency of planting. All the costs of laying the orchard and annual works on agrotechnical care of the trees were paid off in the fourth year after planting.The economic and biological features of the columnar cultivars provided not only a quick return of the investments, but also a high level of profitability. The profitability of the studied columnar planting for the 6th year after planting (2020) on average for all cultivars was 106.0 % on the insert of the dwarf rootstock 62-396 and 104.7 % on the insert 3-17-38. The profit received on average for the plantings amounted to 2 378 661 rubles per ha. In the group of the studied cultivars, there is a difference in economic efficiency. The lowest level of productivity and profitability was in the Vostorg cultivar: on average, on two inserts, the yield in 2020 was 27.3 t/ha and the profitability was 66.6%. The Girlyanda cultivar was characterized by the maximum yield and profitability: 88.0 t/ha and 115.8%, respectively.

scholarly journals Influence Of Chemicals Of Arbolin Group On Branching Of Maiden Trees Of Three Apple Cultivars

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Zhalnerchyk ◽  
Andrzej A. Przybyła ◽  
Franciszka Jaumień
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Abstract Studies realized in 2008 and 2009 proved that Neo Arbolin Extra (10 g GA4+7 and 50 g BA in 1 l of solution) and Neo Arbolin (18 g GA4+7 and 18 g BA in 1 l of solution) applied separately or with Algamino Plant (18% extract from seaweeds and 10% of potassium salt of amino acids) stimulated the development of axillary buds on apple maiden trees of ‘Ligol’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Mutsu’ cultivars grafted on M.9 rootstock, thus enhancing the number of feathers longer than 10 cm. Preparations were applied twice, from the middle of June to July 9. Results differed between years, which may be related to different weather courses during the growing seasons. Neo Arbolin Extra at a concentration 30 ml·l−1 with adjuvant addition (Adpros 5 ml·l−1) gave the best results in branching of maiden trees of three examined cultivars. Trees treated with those preparations twice produced more than 10 feathers (> 10 cm) in the year highly favoring maiden tree growth and more than 6 feathers in the less favorable year. Algamino Plant did not influence apple tree branching.

scholarly journals Yield efficiency for nine apple cultivars grafted on two rootstocks

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1701-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Caetano Fioravanço ◽  
Ana Beatriz Costa Czermainski ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Dias de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Apple Cultivars

ABSTRACT: Currently, using smaller trees is one of the most important trends in apple cultivation. It is expected that reduced size plants produce lower amount of fruit, but with high yield and yield efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield efficiency (YE) of nine apple tree cultivars, grafted on two rootstocks, from the second to the seventh year after planting. The YE indexes oscillated from one to the other year, regardless of rootstock. Correlations between YE and yield per tree and between YE and trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) confirmed that efficiency can be increased by the production increment or by the plant's vigor reduction. The usefulness of cumulative YE (ƩYE) is highlighted to compare apple tree cultivars after the third year of production. The highest ƩYE indexes were observed for 'Royal Gala' and 'Baigent', on M-9 rootstock, and for 'Gala Real' and 'Maxi-Gala', on Marubakaido/M-9 rootstock.

scholarly journals 317 PERFORMANCE OF FOUR APPLE CULTIVARS GRAFTED ON FOUR ROOTSTOCKS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 475g-476
Author(s):  
Raymond L. Granger ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh ◽  
Yvon Groleau
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Apple Cultivars

In 1988 a randomized complete block design with five blocks was used to evaluate the performance of four cultivars (`Empire', `Cortland', `Summerland McIntosh' and `Lobo') grafted on four rootstocks {Budagovsky(Bud.)9, Malling(M.)7,Ottawa(O.)3 and Malling Merton(M.M.)111}. The sixteen cultivar-rootstocks combinations were planted randomly at 2.5m apart in the row. The distance between the rows was 5m. The trees have been trickle irrigated every year and came into bearing in 1990. On the basis of cumulative yield efficiency the combination `Lobo'/O.3 was significantly superior to all others. The second best performer was `Empire'/O.3 followed by `Lobo'/Bud9. `Empire'MM.111, `Summerland McIntosh'/M.M.111, `Cortland'/M.M.111, `Summerland McIntosh'/M.7 and `Empire'/M.7 had the least cumulative yield efficiency. Generally the cultivar `Lobo' was superior to others and O.3 was the best rootstock followed by Bud.9, M.7 and M.M.111.

scholarly journals FERTIGATION EFFECTS ON APPLE TREE GROWTH, CROPPING, AND DRY WEIGHT PARTITIONING

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 620b-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Robinson ◽  
W. C Stiles ◽  
A. N. Lakso
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Total Tree

In two field studies with `Redchief Delicious'/MM.106, 'Empire'/M.9/MM.106 and 'Mutsu'/M.9/MM. 106 trees on fertile silt loam soils, trickle irrigation increased vegetative growth during the first three years and resulted in a 16%-20% increase in cumulative yield over the first five years. When fertilizer was injected into the irrigation water weekly from mid-April until the end of June, tree growth was further increased and cumulative yield was improved an additional 11%-15% for a total of 27%-35% greater yield than the non-irrigated trees. In these studies, ground fertilization did not improve growth or yield unless trickle irrigation was also applied. However, ground fertilization was not as effective as fertigation. Irrigation and fertigation increased the dry weight of roots by 23% and that of shoots by 36% in the first year resulting in a 10% reduction in the root/shoot ratio. Total tree dry weight was increased by 30% if trees were planted early (April 14) but only 14% if trees were planted late (June 10). Early planting resulted in 17% greater cumulative yield than trees planted late. Initial tree caliper also had a significant effect on early growth and yield with large caliper trees yielding 12% more than the small caliper trees. The interaction of planting date, tree caliper and fertigation resulted in a 50%-70% increase in yield during the first five years.

scholarly journals Yield efficiency for apple trees depending on intensive orchard systems in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 03022
Author(s):  
Abdulabek Rasulov ◽  
Beslan Beslaneev ◽  
Muchazir Kalmykov ◽  
Akrom Ishnazarov
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
High Density ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars

The study investigated effects of intensive orchard density of different apple cultivars on the yield on the M9 and NK stocks, in comparison with planting on the MM106 stock with the same spindle-shaped crown pruning in the foothills of the KBR. In the first 3 variants, the orchard is on espalier and on drip irrigation, in the 4th and 5th variants - without espalier, irrigated along the furrows. With a non-spaller system and without drip irrigation, the average yield of the Idared, Golden Delicious, Prikubanskoye varieties was 35-37 t/ha, and in the espalier orchid on a M9 dwarf rootstock and on drip irrigation with a planting density of 3170 trees/ha the average yield of the Golden Bee, Granny Smith and Gala varieties was at around 40-43 t/ha. With a superdense planting of Jonagold and Golden Bee trees varieties (6660 trees/ha), the average yield was 66.2-68.7 t/ha. The production of a high-density orchard of the Red Delicious Sandidge variety planted in 2012 with a planting scheme 3,5×0,5 m (5700 trees/ha) was 30 t/ha in the 3rd year, 50 t/ha in the 4th year, and 55 t/ha in the 5th year.

scholarly journals Sverdlovchanin: a new apple cultivar for the Middle Urals

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
D. D. Telezhinskiy ◽  
L. A. Kotov ◽  
S. A. Makarenko ◽  
G. N. Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
The Middle Urals ◽  
State Register ◽  
Breeding Station ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Harvest Maturity

The Middle Urals is a region of risky agriculture. Apple cultivars of more southern origin are usually unpromising due to insufficient level of hardiness, so there is a need to develop and deploy local apple-tree cultivars. The staff of Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station released a new apple cultivar, ‘Sverdlovchanin’. This cultivar is notable for high winter hardiness, productivity (average yield is ca. 18.0 t/ha), and low fruit shedding rate at harvest maturity. Its fruits are beautiful, uniform, yellow, roundish, weighing 110 g (maximum 205 g), with a very good sweet and sour dessert flavor. The ripening time under the conditions of the Middle Urals is usually late September, and fruits can be stored until the end of February. The author of this cultivar is L. A. Kotov The apple cultivar ‘Sverdlovchanin’ was included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation in 2018.

scholarly journals Baltic fruit rootstock studies: evaluation of 12 apple rootstocks in North-East Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kviklys ◽  
N. Kviklienė ◽  
A. Bite ◽  
J. Lepsis ◽  
T. Univer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
North East ◽  
Tree Vigour

In the frame of ‘Baltic fruit rootstock studies’ apple rootstocks B.9, B.146, B.396, B.491, P 2, P 22, P 60, M.9, M.26, Jork 9, Bulboga and Pure 1 were tested in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. More vigorous tree growth was recorded following North-South direction being the weakest in Estonia and the strongest in Lithuania. Apple rootstocks can be grouped, according to the induced tree vigour, in the following way: less vigorous than M.9: P 22, the same as M.9: Pure 1, B.396, Jork 9, P 60, B.9 and P 2, between M.9 and M.26: B.491, more vigorous than M.26: Bulboga and B.146. Rootstock effect on cumulative yield and cumulative yield efficiency index was determined by location. The highest productivity, considering cumulative yield and efficiency index, was obtained on M.9 rootstock in Lithuania, on Bulboga, B.146, M.26 and B.491 rootstocks in Estonia and on Pure 1, P 60 and B.9 rootstocks in Latvia. Rootstock effect on fruit weight was not clear and differed among locations. Interactions between rootstock and location indicate at the importance of multi-site rootstock evaluation.

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