scholarly journals Mineral and trace element supply of sheep on grass silage based feeding

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 302-306
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Mineral Supply ◽  
Mineral Balance ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Balance Trials

Balance trials were made with adult Finnsheep rams to obtain more information on the mineral supply when the animals arc fed on grass silage based diets. The experimental silages were prepared with three different preservatives: 1) AIV I solution (25% formic acid and 20 % hydrochloric acid), 2) formic acid and 3) Viher solution (26 % formic acid and 70 % formalin). Together with the silage the animals received sucrose, starch and cellulose supplements at the levels of 0 %, 15 % or 30 % of the dry matter of the daily rations, representing 0, 2 ½ and 5 g/kg animal liveweight per day. Data were obtained on the Ca, P Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn intake by the animals and on the excretion of these minerals in the faeces and urine. The levels of these minerals in the blood were also determined. The mineral contents of the silage were sufficient for animals fed at the maintenance level, except in the case of Na and P. Suckling ewes and growing lambs on silage based feeding may suffer from a deficiency of Ca as well as Na and P. The silage preservatives did not differ in their effect on the mineral balance. The mineral balances of the animals receiving the various carbohydrate supplements were also fairly similar to those of animals on pure silage diets.

scholarly journals Composition and volume of the rumen microbiota of sheep fed on grass silage with different sucrose, starch and cellulose supplements

1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-153
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä ◽  
Hannu Saloniemi ◽  
Leena Laalahti
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

A comparative study was made of the effect of different sucrose, starch and cellulose supplements and the effect of different silage preservatives on the quality and quantity of the rumen microbiota of sheep fed on grass silage. The levels of the carbohydrate supplements were 15 % and 30 % of the dry matter of the daily rations, representing 2 1/2 and 5 g/kg animal live weight per day. The silages were prepared with three different preservatives: 1) AIV I solution (25 % formic acid and 20 % hydrochloric acid), 2) formic acid and 3) Viher solution (26 %formic acid and 70 % formalin). The total number of ciliates was highest in the animals receiving sucrose with the silage, lower in those given starch and lowest in those given cellulose. On the pure silage diet, it was between those for the starch and cellulose diets. The total number of bacteria decreased in the opposite direction on the different diets. The sucrose supplements increased the numbers of small ciliates especially and the cellulose supplements those of the bigger ciliates. The total volume of the ciliate fauna was thus highest in the animals on cellulose diets, lower in those on starch diets and lowest in those on sucrose diets. The total microbe mass constituted the following percentages of the rumen content on the different diets: only silage 4.1, 15 % sucrose 3.5, 30 % sucrose 3.5, 15 % starch 4.0, 30 % starch 4.5, 15% cellulose 4.6 and 30 % cellulose 5.2. Bacteria constituted 77—86 % of the total microbe mass on the different diets, the precentage being highest on the sucrose diets and lowest on the cellulose diets. Only small differences were found between the different silage preservatives in the effect on the rumen microbiota.

UTILIZATION OF GRASS SILAGE BY CATTLE: EFFECT OF BARLEY AND FISHMEAL SUPPLEMENTS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN ◽  
G. BUTLER ◽  
J. G. PROULX
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
High Nitrogen Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum

Following weaning at 6–7 mo of age, 36 beef steers were used to determine production responses when grass silage was supplemented with barley or fishmeal. The silage was made from direct-cut, formic- acid-treated grass harvested from a mixed sward and had a high nitrogen content but poor fermentation characteristics. The silage was fed ad libitum for 98 days either alone or supplemented with 500 g fishmeal or 500 g barley per day. Both fishmeal and barley increased total dry matter intake (P < 0.01) by an amount equivalent to the quantity of supplement offered but had no effect on silage intake (P > 0.05). Steers fed the fishmeal grew substantially faster than either the barley (0.53 kg/day) or unsupplemented (0.54 kg/day) groups (P < 0.01). Fishmeal supplementation resulted in a large reduction (35%) in the amount of feed required per kilogram of gain. Key words: Cattle, grass silage, fishmeal, growth

The effect of wilting and additive type on energy utilization of grass silage by growing cattle

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
L. E. R. Dawson ◽  
C. P. Ferris ◽  
R. W. J. Steen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Additive Type ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Wilting of grass prior to ensiling generally produces positive responses in dry matter (DM) intake of cattle, but the responses in animal performance are often small, or even negative. The primary objective of the present study was to compare energy utilization from heavily wilted and unwilted silages by growing cattle when given at equal metabolisable energy (ME) intakes. A secondary objective was to evaluate effects of silage additive type (inoculant v. formic acid) on energy utilization.Four silages were produced from unwilted and wilted grasses (DM 193 and 450 g/kg) obtained from a perennial ryegrass sward. The wilted grass was dried in the field for 26 hours using rapid wilting techniques involving crop conditioning and spreading. At ensiling both the unwilted and wilted grasses were each treated with two additives, a bacterial inoculant (Ecosyl, Zeneca Bioproducts Limited) and a formic acid additive (ADD-F, BP Chemicals Ltd.).

Milk production from grass silage diets: effects of silage characteristics and the amount of supplementary concentrate

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
C. Thomas ◽  
S. R. Daley ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Design Experiments

AbstractHigh digestibility ryegrass was ensiled using either good methods including formic acid application (HDG) or poor methods without formic acid (HDP). Low digestibility ryegrass (LDG) and lucerne (LUC) were ensiled using similar methods to HDG. Digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DM) in vivo (DOMD) for HDG, HDP, LDG and LUC were 0·756, 0·774, 0·645 and 0·562 respectively. Silages were offered ad libitum to 40 HolsteinFriesian cows in two Latin-square design experiments during weeks 8 to 22 of lactation either alone (experiment 1) or with 3, 6, 9 or 12 kg concentrate DM per day (experiment 2). Relative intakes of silage given alone were respectively 1·00, 0·44, 0·98 and 0·79. Low intake of HDP could not be predicted from silage analysis. In experiment 2, DM intake increased by 0·11 kg and milk yield by 0·24 kg for each 0·010 change in grass silage DOMD. Intake of HDG, LDG and LUC declined linearly with increasing concentrate, on HDP the effect was non-linear and intake increased up to the 6 kg level.In experiment 1, milk and protein yields were greatest on HDG, protein yield was higher on LDG than LUC and fat concentration higher on HDP and LUC. With supplementation milk yield was greatest on HDG up to the 6 kg level, at higher levels differences between silages were not significant. Fat concentration was highest on LDG and protein highest on HDG and lowest on LUC. On all silages giving the highest concentrate level reduced the concentration and yield of fat. Protein concentration increased up to the 9 kg level. Fat plus protein yields reached a maximum on HDG with 6 kg concentrate DM per day and with 9 kg on the remaining silages.

Effects of tannins, formaldehyde and formic acid on total tract disappearance of DM, nitrogen and amino acids in grass silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
M.B. Salawu ◽  
T. Acamovic ◽  
T. Hvelplund ◽  
M.R. Weisbjerg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Total Amino Acids

A major problem with grass is that during ensilage the proteins are degraded and nitrogen lost as non protein nitrogen. In the animal a disadvantage of grass silage is that the proteinaceous nitrogen is readily degraded in the rumen to ammonia. There is considerable evidence in the literature indicating that ruminal undegradable protein is a desirable component of some feeds (AFRC, 1993). This is valuable since proteins that by-pass the rumen may be digested in the intestine and the resultant amino acids absorbed. Tannins have been identified by other workers as suitable for the protection of protein in the rumen. However, there is some dubiety regarding the subsequent efficient release of protein in the intestine (McNabb et al., 1993). The effect of quebracho or mimosa tannins or formaldehyde or a combination of tannin/formate or formaldehyde/formate on silage total tract disappearance of dry matter (DM), nitrogen and total amino acids (TAA) was examined in this study.

Effects of tannins, formaldehyde and formic acid on total tract disappearance of DM, nitrogen and amino acids in grass silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
M.B. Salawu ◽  
T. Acamovic ◽  
T. Hvelplund ◽  
M.R. Weisbjerg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Total Amino Acids

A major problem with grass is that during ensilage the proteins are degraded and nitrogen lost as non protein nitrogen. In the animal a disadvantage of grass silage is that the proteinaceous nitrogen is readily degraded in the rumen to ammonia. There is considerable evidence in the literature indicating that ruminal undegradable protein is a desirable component of some feeds (AFRC, 1993). This is valuable since proteins that by-pass the rumen may be digested in the intestine and the resultant amino acids absorbed. Tannins have been identified by other workers as suitable for the protection of protein in the rumen. However, there is some dubiety regarding the subsequent efficient release of protein in the intestine (McNabb et al., 1993). The effect of quebracho or mimosa tannins or formaldehyde or a combination of tannin/formate or formaldehyde/formate on silage total tract disappearance of dry matter (DM), nitrogen and total amino acids (TAA) was examined in this study.

scholarly journals Comparison of grass silage utilization by reindeer and sheep: 1. Palatability, feeding values and nutrient supply

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Balance Trials ◽  
Different Growth Stages

The utilization of silages prepared from grass at three different growth stages was studied with three adult reindeer and three adult sheep. Palatability, digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were performed according to the Latin-square design. As the different silages were similar in chemical composition and quality, the results are mainly expressed and discussed as the averages for all three. The intake of silage dry matter(DM) by the reindeer averaged 938 g/day and the intake by the sheep 1787g/day. These values corresponded to intakes of about 3.7kg and 7.1kg fresh silage, and 16g and 27g DM/kg liveweight, respectively. The total water consumption (water from feed + water drunk) for the reindeer was 5 g/kg DM eaten and for the sheep 3kg. The digestibility of the different silage constituents was similar in the reindeer and sheep, but the apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly (P

The effects of formic acid and rate of drying in the field on the efficiency of conservation and on energy and protein retention of growing steers given grass silage

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 114-114
Author(s):  
E. Charmley ◽  
C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
65 H

In a previous experiment the wilting of herbage prior to ensiling had no effect on the efficiency of utilisation of silage for animal production. The direct-cut material was conserved with formic acid and wilting was relatively prolonged (65 h) to achieve an increase in dry matter (DM) content of 226 g DM/kg. The objective of the present experiment was to examine the effect of formic acid with direct-cut silage and the rate of wilting of herbage on losses in conservation and on energy and protein retention by growing steers.

Effect of formic acid and a formalin and sulphuric acid mixture on the intake and digestibility of grass silage

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. McIlmoyle ◽  
J. C. Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Effect Of Additives

ABSTRACTIn two experiments of Latin square design the effect of additives on the ad libitum intake of direct-cut perennial ryegrass silage and its digestibility by steers was determined. The diets were offered to British Friesian castrated male cattle, mean initial live weights 386 and 368 kg for Experiments 1 and 2 respectively. In Experiment 1, untreated silage was compared with silage treated with either formic acid (‘Add-F’) or a formalin and sulphuric acid mixture (‘Sylade’) each applied at the rate of 4·5 1/tonne of fresh herbage. The silages were offered either with or without 5 kg of supplement per day. In Experiment 2, silages treated with 4·5 and 9·0 1/tonne of the formalin and sulphuric acid mixture were compared. Silage treated with 4·5 1/tonne was offered either with or without 5 kg supplement/day. In Experiment 1, the application of an additive had no significant effect on silage digestibility. Although differences were not significant, the intake of silage dry matter was higher from additive-treated silage (91·2 and 80·6 g/kg W0·73 for the formalin and sulphuric acid mixture and the formic acid respectively) than from untreated silage (78·0 g/kg W0·73). Supplementation significantly reduced (P<0·05) silage dry-matter intake and crude fibre digestibility and significantly increased (P<0·05) total dry matter and digestible energy intake. Digestible energy intake from the formalin and sulphuric acid treated silage was significantly higher (P<0·05) than that from untreated silage but differences between the additive-treated silages were not significant.In Experiment 2, neither rate of application of the formalin and sulphuric acid mixture nor supplementation had any significant effect on intake.

scholarly journals Selenium supplementation by addition of sodium selenate with silage additive

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arja Seppälä ◽  
Yolanda Madrid Albarran ◽  
Harri Miettinen ◽  
Maria Palomo Siguero ◽  
Elina Juutinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Selenate ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Grass Silage

An ensiling experiment was conducted to assess the possibility for increasing the selenium content in grass silage by using a selenium-enriched silage additive, and to determine possible changes in the form of selenium during ensiling. Prewilted and precision-chopped silage was prepared from the second cut of timothy – meadow fescue sward in southern Finland. The additive treatments (6 g kg-1) were: control without additive, water containing 50 mg sodium selenate kg-1, and formic acid-based additive containing 10, 50 or 500 mg sodium selenate kg-1. The selenium content of the control silage was low (0.069 mg kg-1 dry matter) whereas the selenium content of the other silages was in line with the dose level of selenium delivered in the additive. The added selenate was detected only as selenate in the silages. Addition of sodium selenate to silage additive provided a controlled way to add selenium to the diet of forage-fed animals.

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