Characteristics and Transmission Dynamics of  COVID-19 in Resident Physicians at a  Mexico City Teaching Hospital

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals have been busy controlling their spread among healthcare workers, including resident doctors. We seek to characterize and know the transmission dynamics of the SARS-COV-2 infection in the personnel of our hospital. Methodology: 204 resident physicians were followed up, in three parts: Part 1. Training, Part 2. follow-up through the WhatsApp application, Part 3. case-control study; looking for risk factors. The statistical analysis was carried out using measures of central tendency and dispersion, comparison of proportions and rates. As well as the calculation of the odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval; p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 66 resident physicians were included, 31.8% had a positive result. The mean age was 28.9. The most frequent clinical manifestation was myalgia (66.6%), followed by headache (47%). When comparing with symptomatic resident physicians, with a negative test, there was a significant difference in arthralgia (p = 0.01) and dyspnea (0.05). Noncompliance with training (OR 7.0; 95% CI 2.2-26 and p = 0.000) was significant as a risk factor for infection. Conclusions: Resident physicians must be mostly supervised during infection prevention and containment training.

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Effect of migraine attack on pupil size, accommodation and ocular aberrations

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/1120672120975334 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 112067212097533

Author(s):

Merve Beyza Yildiz ◽

Elvin Yildiz ◽

Sevcan Balci ◽

Buse Rahime Hasirci Bayir ◽

Yılmaz Çetinkaya

Keyword(s):

Migraine Attack ◽

Pupil Size ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Unilateral Headache ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Control Study ◽

Prospective Case Control Study

Purpose: To evaluate the pupil size, accommodation, and ocular higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in patients with migraine during migraine attacks and compare them with interictal period and healthy controls. Methods: This prospective, case–control study included 48 eyes of 24 patients with migraine and 48 eyes of 24 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Measurements were performed using a Hartmann Shack aberrometer. Accommodative responses to accommodative stimulus ranging from 0 to 5 diopters (D) in increments of 0.5 D were recorded. Spherical, coma, trefoil aberration, and root mean square (RMS) of total HOAs were assessed. Patients with migraine were measured twice during the interictal phase and during migraine attack. Results: The mean pupil size significantly decreased during migraine attack (5.85 ± 0.19 mm) compared with the interictal phase (6.05 ± 0.19 mm) in the patients with migraine ( p = 0.012). There was a significant increase in the accommodative response to accommodative stimulus of 1.5 to 5 D during migraine attack. No significant change was observed in HOAs during migraine attack. In addition, no ictal or interictal period measurements were statistically significantly different from the controls. Comparing symptomatic and non-symptomatic sides in 17 migraine patients with unilateral headache, no significant difference was found in any of the measurements in both ictal and interictal periods. Conclusion: Our results suggest the presence of a subtle oculosympathetic hypofunction in patients with migraine during the ictal period compared to the interictal period. The accommodation status of the eye seems to be affected by this autonomic dysfunction.

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Physical and mental growth and development in children with congenital hypothyroidism: a case–control study

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases ◽

10.1186/s13023-021-02017-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Javad Nazari ◽

Kimia Jafari ◽

Maryam Chegini ◽

Akram Maleki ◽

Pari MirShafiei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Screening Program ◽

Case Control ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Children Development ◽

Control Study

Abstract Introduction The clinical complications of congenital hypothyroidism such as brain disorders are very subtle and are not recognizable in infancy period. They are recognizable when it is too late for treatment or prevention. General screening of newborns is effective in diagnosing congenital hypothyroidism and initiating initial treatment. The aim of this study is to compare the physical and mental growth pattern of children with congenital hypothyroidism with healthy ones. Methods This case–control study was performed on 34 patients and 68 healthy children who were matched in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Children development screening test (ASQ), children development assessment test (Bayley), preschool Wechsler intelligence scale (WPPSI) and age and steps questionnaire of emotional social development (ASQ-SE) were completed by trained questioners. Data were analyzed using STATA software. Results The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean of verbal (P = 0.77), non-verbal (P = 0.81) and general (P = 0.66) IQ in permanent and transient patients and healthy individuals. Also, there was no significant difference between the mean of different ranges of ASQ test (including communication, delicate and large movements, problem solving and social) at 12 months and 42 months (P < 0.05). According to Bayley test, there was no significant difference between the cases (permanent and transient) and controls in the cognitive (P = 0.42) and expressive (P = 0.38) categories. The difference was significant in the perceptual (P = 0.011), large (P = 0.03) and delicate (P = 0.04) movements categories. Conclusion This study emphasized on the high effectiveness of neonate hypothyroidism screening program, so that the difference between 3.5 years old children with and without this disease has decreased significantly. Early diagnosis of the patients, while creating beneficial effects for patients and increasing quality of life, cause reduction in the long-term costs of the health system.

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Serum vitamin D and immunoglobulin E levels in children of allergic rhinitis: a case-control study from Central India

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20212044 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 1038

Author(s):

Payasvi Baweja Sachdeva ◽

Sheloj Joshi ◽

Shweta Anand

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Serum Ige ◽

Serum Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Control Study

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the commonest type of non-infective rhinitis. Genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the development of the disease. Researchers are having interest in knowing the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of allergy. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is integral to the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. However, the relationship between serum IgE levels and AR is still a matter of debate. Thus, this study aimed to know serum IgE and serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels in patients with clinically diagnosed AR and control group.Methods: A case-control study was performed from May 2019 to October 2019 in LNMC and JK hospital. All 54 children with physician diagnosed AR aged 12 to 18 years of both genders who have come in the OPD (total enumeration sampling) during the above mentioned period were enrolled into the study and their 54 healthy counterparts are taken as controls. Other parameters such as age, gender, occupation and region of residence were also compared between the groups.Results: This study found highly significant difference in the mean serum IgE levels while there is a significant difference in the mean serum vitamin D levels between two groups.Conclusions: The study group with AR had significantly higher mean level of serum IgE and lower mean serum vitamin D levels as compared to control groups. However, upon stratification of vitamin D levels, the differences were insignificant. Further studies should be conducted to know the value of IgE as a prognostic factor of AR severity and to throw more light on association of vitamin D with AR.

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Biomechanical characteristics of head injuries from falls in children younger than 48 months

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2014-306803 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 310-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jonathon Hughes ◽

Sabine Maguire ◽

Michael Jones ◽

Peter Theobald ◽

Alison Kemp

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Skull Fracture ◽

Abusive Head Trauma ◽

Intracranial Injury ◽

Centre Of Gravity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Fall Height ◽

Control Study

BackgroundA fall-height threshold is important when evaluating the likelihood of structural head injury or abusive head trauma. This study investigates witnessed falls to correlate the fall characteristics with the extent of injury.MethodCase–control study of children aged ≤48 months who attended one hospital following a fall from <3 m (10 ft), comparing cases who sustained a skull fracture or intracranial injury (ICI) with controls, who had minor head injuries. Characteristics included: the mechanism of injury, surface of impact, site of impact to the head and fall height.ResultsForty-seven children had a skull fracture or ICI, while 416 children had minor head injuries. The mean fall height for minor head injuries was significantly lower than that causing skull fracture/ICI (p<0.001). No skull fracture/ICI was recorded in children who fell <0.6 m (2 ft), based on the height of the head centre of gravity. Skull fractures/ICI were more likely in children aged ≤12 months (p<0.001) from impacts to the temporal/parietal or occipital region (p<0.001), impacts onto wood (p=0.004) and falls from a carer's arms, particularly when on stairs (p<0.001). No significant difference was reported between the mean fall heights of children who had a simple skull fracture (n=17) versus those who had a complex fracture or ICI (n=30).ConclusionsAn infant is more likely to sustain a skull fracture/ICI from a fall above a 0.6 m (2 ft) threshold, based on the height of the head centre of gravity, or with a parietal/temporal or occipital impact. These variables should be recorded when evaluating the likelihood of skull fracture/ICI.

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P0408KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH IGA NEPHROPATHY IN THE MODERN ERA OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfaa142.p0408 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽

Author(s):

Sophia Lionaki ◽

Ilias Makropoulos ◽

Konstantinos Panagiotellis ◽

Ioannis Gavalas ◽

George Vlahopanos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Patient Survival ◽

Graft Function ◽

Case Control ◽

The Mean ◽

Modern Era ◽

Mean Time ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background and Aims Advances in immunosuppressants, used for kidney transplantation (KTx) have significantly improved outcomes in this field. We aimed to compare the long-term results of KTx in recipients with IgAN, as cause of end stage kidney disease (ESKD), with those of patients, with non-glomerular causes of renal failure, during the modern era of immunosuppression for KTx. Method This is a retrospective, case control study, in which were included patients who received a KTx after 2000. Patients were eligible to be included, if they had IgAN in a native kidney biopsy specimen and follow up longer than 1 year after KTx. IgAN patients were compared to a control-group of patients with non-glomerular primary causes of ESKD matched for age, gender, date of KTx and donor source. Graft biopsies were performed by clinical indication. Patients with ABO incompatible KTx, preemptive KTx, re-KTx, PRA>50%, major surgical complications during the 1st post-KTx month or non-compliance were excluded from the analysis of outcome. Primary outcomes of interest included graft function, patient and graft survival at end of follow up. The rate of IgAN recurrence in the graft and its impact in renal function and survival were also recorded. Computed GFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Results A total of 102 KTx recipients with biopsy-proven IgAN, were compared to 204 controls with non-glomerular causes of ESKD. The mean age of patients with IgAN was 43.2(±10.15) years and 68(66.7%) were men. The mean time in dialysis was 50.2(±48.7) months and 59(57.8%) of them received a graft from a living donor. The mean cold ischemia time was 17.5(±6.7) hours, while 22(21.6%) of patients experienced delayed graft function. 97.05% of patients received induction therapy with an anti-CD25 inhibitor and 99.3% were maintained with a triple immunosuppressive regimen consisted of a mycophenolate mofetil formulation, a calcineurin inhibitor and glucocorticoids. The mean serum creatinine and eGFR at end of follow up were significantly lower for the IgAN group (p=0.001 and p=0.02 respectfully) with no difference in the frequency of acute rejection. However, graft and patient survival were not different even after controlling for follow up longer than one decade. During a mean follow up time of 120.8(±49.1) months, IgAN recurrence in the graft was documented in 23(22.5%) patients. The mean time to recurrence was 47.8(41.8) months, with a mean serum creatinine 1.83(±0.52) mg/dl and eGFR of 43.45(±18.4) ml/min/1.73m2 at the end of follow up. Within the IgAN group, although graft function was significantly lower in patients with disease recurrence, compared with that of patients without recurrence (p=0.003), graft loss remained not different between these two subgroups (p=0.49). Conclusion In the newer era of immunosuppression, long-term outcomes of KTx in patients with IgAN, as primary disease, appear significantly improved, and although graft function was significantly lower in patients with IgAN at the end of follow up, graft and patient survival was not different, compared to patients with non-glomerular causes of ESKD. Recurrence of IgAN in the graft was documented in 22.5% of patients and was associated with significantly lower eGFR at end of follow up compared to patients without recurrence but it did not impact graft survival in this time period.

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Tooth eruption sequence and dental crowding: a case-control study

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.3196.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 122 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vahid Moshkelgosha ◽

Negar Khosravifard ◽

Ali Golkari

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Mandibular Canine ◽

Dental Crowding ◽

Control Study

When cases of dental crowding are identified and diagnosed promptly, interceptive orthodontics is particularly successful.Aim: To assess the differences in the eruption sequence of the mandibular canine and first premolar teeth in children with and without dental crowding.Materials and Methods: Children who attended the Shiraz Dental School's orthodontic clinic (Iran) from September to December 2012 were enrolled in this case-control study. Tooth size arch length discrepancy (TSALD) of all 8-10 year olds was calculated from patients’ dental models. Thirty-six children were randomly selected from those with TSALD of equal or less than 4mm (those with crowding). Each selected case was matched for sex and age with another child (as control) with TSALD>−4mm attending the same clinic, in the same time period. The existing panoramic radiographs were traced and the eruption percentages were measured for mandibular canine and first premolar teeth. The mean difference between canine and first premolar eruption percentages was compared between the case and control groups using the SPSS (version PASW 18) software and a paired sample t-test.Results: Canine and first premolar eruption percentages in the case group were 65.82±13.00 and 78.92±10.15 percent, respectively. The mean eruption percentages for canines and first premolars of the control group were 74.12±14.55 and 75.47±11.60 percent, respectively. There was a significant difference in pre-eruptive positions of canine and first premolar teeth in those with moderate to severe crowding when compared to the control group (p<0.001).Conclusion: These findings may improve the early diagnosis of children with high risk of developing moderate to severe crowding during mixed dentition.

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Sarcoidosis-Like Cancer-Associated Granulomatosis: Characteristics and a Case-Control Comparison with Sarcoidosis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10091988 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1988

Author(s):

Jean Pastré ◽

Diane Bouvry ◽

Karine Juvin ◽

Amira Benattia ◽

Isabella Annesi-Maesano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Case Control ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Control Group ◽

Clinical Activity ◽

Control Comparison ◽

The Mean ◽

Control Study

(1) Background: Systemic granulomatosis developed in a context of malignancy has already been reported. Our objective was to describe the clinical, radiological, functional, biological, and evolutive characteristics of sarcoidosis-like cancer-associated granulomatosis (SLCAG) and to compare them to those of sarcoidosis. (2) Methods: 38 patients with a biopsy-proven SLCAG developed after a diagnostic of malignancy were included. The control group consisted of sarcoidosis patients matched for age, sex, and radiologic stage. Clinical, biological, physiological, radiological, and outcome data were collected. (3) Results: The mean age of SLCAG patients was 51 ± 14 years. They were diagnosed within 15 ± 14 months of the cancer diagnosis (breast cancer most frequently). All SLCAG patients presented a thoracic involvement, extrathoracic locations were observed in 32% of subjects. SLCAG was more often asymptomatic than sarcoidosis (p < 0.0001). During follow-up, systemic treatment was less often required in SLCAG than in sarcoidosis (58% vs. 32%, p = 0.04 respectively) and SLCAG were characterized by a significantly less severe progression profile according to the Sarcoid Clinical Activity Classification, with a complete recovery more frequent at 5 years (p = 0.03). (4) Conclusion: This case-control study shows that SLCAG differs from sarcoidosis with a significantly more benign course. These results might argue for true differences in the physiopathology, which remain to be elucidated.

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Association Between Serum Cadmium and Arsenic Levels with Bladder Cancer: A Case-control Study

International Journal of Cancer Management ◽

10.5812/ijcm.106642 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Vahid Moazed ◽

Elham Jafari ◽

Mohammad Reza Ebadzadeh ◽

Amin Pourzare ◽

Hamid Reza Gharehchahi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Regression Models ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

P Value ◽

Control Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

And Control ◽

Control Study

Background: Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the genitourinary system and the eighth cause of cancer death. In addition to known risk factors such as smoking and urinary stones, trace elements are also effective in causing bladder cancer and other cancers. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the association between bladder cancer and the carcinogens cadmium and arsenic. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 40 patients with bladder cancer admitted to Shahid Bahonar Hospital and a control group of 40 healthy individuals in Kerman, Iran, in 2018. The serum levels of arsenic and cadmium were measured by atomic absorptiometry. The paired t-test and chi-square tests were employed to assess the difference between cases and controls groups. An unadjusted and 2 multivariable conditional regression models were separately adjusted on sex, family cancer history, residence, occupation, and smoking and were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the association between arsenic and cadmium levels and bladder cancer. The statistical software SPSS version 26 and R software version 3.6.3 were used to perform the statistical analyses. Results: The mean cadmium level was 2.99 ± 1.45 and 2.59 ± 0.46 in the case and control groups, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.100). The mean arsenic level was 2.12 ± 1.04 and 1.43 ± 0.73 in the case and control groups, respectively, demonstrating a statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.001). Unadjusted and adjusted conditional logistic regression models indicated significant association between arsenic levels and bladder cancer (unadjusted: odds ratio (OR) (95% CI): 0.66 (0.46 - 0.94), P-value = 0.022; adjusted: OR (95% CI): 0.64 (0.44 - 0.92), P-value = 0.018). Conclusions: Overall, cadmium and arsenic levels are higher in patients with bladder cancer, with a statistically significant difference for arsenic. However, these elements are not interrelated and are not related to other factors.

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Association Between Specific Indoor Air Pollutants and Pneumonia Episodes in Children Under Five in Abuja, Nigeria: A Case-control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-57371/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Enemona Emmanuel Adaji ◽

Michael Clifford ◽

Jack Gibson ◽

Magdalena Opazo Breton ◽

Revati Phalkey

Keyword(s):

Indoor Air ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Indoor Air Pollutants ◽

Mean Concentration ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Pneumonia causes most death in children under five globally. Indoor air pollution has been reported to increase the risk of children to pneumonia. ObjectiveTo investigate the association between specific indoor air pollutants and pneumonia episodes in children under five.MethodsUsing a case-control study design, we compared exposure of cases and controls to specific pollutants (PM2.5, CO, BC and PM1), using battery operated aerosol monitors. Data was analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.ResultsThe mean PM2.5 was higher in controls compared to cases. PM2.5 highest mean recorded for controls was 177 µg/m3. There was a significant difference between cases and controls for 10 hours (p-value 0.0147), 15 hours (p-value 0.0111) and 20-24 hours (p-value 0.0296) for PM2.5. No significant difference in CO concentration between cases and controls, the highest CO mean concentration recorded being 2930 µg/m3. Similarly, PM1 was consistently higher in controls compared to cases. However, this difference was not significant from exposure to PM1 between cases and controls (P-value>0.05), with the highest PM1 mean concentration recorded being 91 µg/m3. There was a significant difference (p-value 0.0260) in exposure to Black Carbon between cases and controls. BC was higher in households of cases compared to controls, with the mean average of BC for cases 4350 µg/m3 and controls 4126 µg/m3. In this study, BC is positively associated with a pneumonia episode. We also report the importance of unmodifiable and behaviourally modifiable factors on pneumonia episode in children.Discussion: In conclusion, we show that children present during cooking, number of available windows and MUAC increased the likelihood of a pneumonia episode. We recommend household level behaviour changes and targeted IMCI including early effective detection and treatment of childhood pneumonia particularly in high pollution areas in Nigeria.

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