scholarly journals Association Between Specific Indoor Air Pollutants and Pneumonia Episodes in Children Under Five in Abuja, Nigeria: A Case-control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enemona Emmanuel Adaji ◽  
Michael Clifford ◽  
Jack Gibson ◽  
Magdalena Opazo Breton ◽  
Revati Phalkey
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Pneumonia causes most death in children under five globally. Indoor air pollution has been reported to increase the risk of children to pneumonia. ObjectiveTo investigate the association between specific indoor air pollutants and pneumonia episodes in children under five.MethodsUsing a case-control study design, we compared exposure of cases and controls to specific pollutants (PM2.5, CO, BC and PM1), using battery operated aerosol monitors. Data was analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.ResultsThe mean PM2.5 was higher in controls compared to cases. PM2.5 highest mean recorded for controls was 177 µg/m3. There was a significant difference between cases and controls for 10 hours (p-value 0.0147), 15 hours (p-value 0.0111) and 20-24 hours (p-value 0.0296) for PM2.5. No significant difference in CO concentration between cases and controls, the highest CO mean concentration recorded being 2930 µg/m3. Similarly, PM1 was consistently higher in controls compared to cases. However, this difference was not significant from exposure to PM1 between cases and controls (P-value>0.05), with the highest PM1 mean concentration recorded being 91 µg/m3. There was a significant difference (p-value 0.0260) in exposure to Black Carbon between cases and controls. BC was higher in households of cases compared to controls, with the mean average of BC for cases 4350 µg/m3 and controls 4126 µg/m3. In this study, BC is positively associated with a pneumonia episode. We also report the importance of unmodifiable and behaviourally modifiable factors on pneumonia episode in children.Discussion: In conclusion, we show that children present during cooking, number of available windows and MUAC increased the likelihood of a pneumonia episode. We recommend household level behaviour changes and targeted IMCI including early effective detection and treatment of childhood pneumonia particularly in high pollution areas in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Association Between Specific Indoor Air Pollutants and Pneumonia Episodes in Children Under Five in Abuja, Nigeria: A Case-control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enemona Emmanuel Adaji ◽  
Michael Clifford ◽  
Jack Gibson ◽  
Magdalena Opazo Breton ◽  
Revati Phalkey
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Pneumonia causes most death in children under five globally. Indoor air pollution has been reported to increase the risk of children to pneumonia. ObjectiveTo investigate the association between specific indoor air pollutants and pneumonia episodes in children under five.MethodsUsing a case-control study design, we compared exposure of cases and controls to specific pollutants (PM2.5, CO, BC and PM1), using battery operated aerosol monitors. Data was analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.ResultsThe mean PM2.5 was higher in controls compared to cases. PM2.5 highest mean recorded for controls was 177 µg/m3. There was a significant difference between cases and controls for 10 hours (p-value 0.0147), 15 hours (p-value 0.0111) and 20-24 hours (p-value 0.0296) for PM2.5. No significant difference in CO concentration between cases and controls, the highest CO mean concentration recorded being 2930 µg/m3. Similarly, PM1 was consistently higher in controls compared to cases. However, this difference was not significant from exposure to PM1 between cases and controls (P-value>0.05), with the highest PM1 mean concentration recorded being 91 µg/m3. There was a significant difference (p-value 0.0260) in exposure to Black Carbon between cases and controls. BC was higher in households of cases compared to controls, with the mean average of BC for cases 4350 µg/m3 and controls 4126 µg/m3. In this study, BC is positively associated with a pneumonia episode. We also report the importance of unmodifiable and behaviourally modifiable factors on pneumonia episode in children.Discussion: In conclusion, we show that children present during cooking, number of available windows and MUAC increased the likelihood of a pneumonia episode. We recommend household level behaviour changes and targeted IMCI including early effective detection and treatment of childhood pneumonia particularly in high pollution areas in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Household Ventilation May Reduce Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants for Prevention of Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Study in a Chinese Population

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e102685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Yi Jin ◽  
Ming Wu ◽  
Ren-Qiang Han ◽  
Xiao-Feng Zhang ◽  
Xu-Shan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Association Between Maternal Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution and Offspring Congenital Heart Disease: A Multi-Hospital Case-Control Study in East China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Sun ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Xin Shi ◽  
Shujing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
East China ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Previous research has suggested an association between maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants and the risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs). However, the effect of individual prenatal exposure to indoor air pollutants on CHD occurrence has not been reported.Methods: We carried out a hospital-based case-control study to investigate the association between personal air pollution exposure during pregnancy and the risk of CHDs in offspring. A total of 32 cases and 74 controls were included in this study from two hospitals in East China. We investigated maternal and residential environmental characteristics using a questionnaire and obtained personal indoor air samples to assess particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 22–30 gestational weeks; formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, total VOCs (TVOCs), PM10, and PM2.5 were assessed. Logistic regression was performed to assess associations and interactions among individual indoor air pollutants and CHDs after adjusting for confounders. The potential residential environmental factors affecting the risks of indoor air pollutants on CHDs were also assessed.Results: Median TVOC (0.430 vs. 0.005 mg/m3, P < 0.001), PM2.5 (12.00 vs. 8.00 µg/m3, P=0.037) and PM10 (13.50 vs. 8.00 µg/m3, P=0.028) exposure levels in cases were significantly higher than those in controls. In a regression model adjusted for confounders, exposure to high levels of indoor TVOCs, PM2.5 and PM10 during pregnancy was associated with risks for CHDs and the occurrence of some major CHD subtypes in offspring. These risk effects were enhanced among pregnant woman living in a newly renovated house or near heavy-traffic roads but were mitigated by household usage of smoke ventilators when cooking. We observed a positive interaction of maternal exposure to TVOCs and PM2.5 in regard to the risk for CHDs.Conclusions: Maternal exposure to indoor VOCs and PMs may increase the risk of giving birth to foetuses with CHDs.

scholarly journals Association Between Maternal Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution and Offspring Congenital Heart Disease: A Multi-Hospital Case-Control Study in East China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Sun ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Xin Shi ◽  
Shujing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
East China ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Previous research has suggested an association between maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants and the risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs). However, the effect of individual prenatal exposure to indoor air pollutants on CHD occurrence has not been reported. Methods We carried out a hospital-based case-control study to investigate the association between personal air pollution exposure during pregnancy and the risk of CHDs in offspring. A total of 34 cases and 72 controls were included in this study from two hospitals in East China. We investigated maternal and residential environmental characteristics using a questionnaire and obtained personal indoor air samples to assess particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 22–30 gestational weeks; formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, total VOCs (TVOCs), PM10, and PM2.5 were assessed. Logistic regression was performed to assess associations and interactions among individual indoor air pollutants and CHDs after adjusting for confounders. The potential residential environmental factors affecting the risks of indoor air pollutants on CHDs were also assessed. Results Median TVOC (0.430 vs. 0.005 mg/m3, P < 0.001), PM2.5 (12.00 vs. 8.00 µg/m3, P = 0.037) and PM10 (13.50 vs. 8.00 µg/m3, P = 0.028) exposure levels in cases were significantly higher than those in controls. In a regression model adjusted for confounders, exposure to high levels of indoor TVOCs, PM2.5 and PM10 during pregnancy was associated with risks for CHDs and the occurrence of some major CHD subtypes in offspring. These risk effects were enhanced among pregnant woman living in a newly renovated house or near heavy-traffic roads but were mitigated by household usage of smoke ventilators when cooking. We observed a positive interaction of maternal exposure to TVOCs and PM2.5 in regard to the risk for CHDs. Conclusions Maternal exposure to indoor VOCs and PMs may increase the risk of giving birth to foetuses with CHDs.

scholarly journals Rainfall-Associated Bronchospasm Epidemics: The Epidemiological Effects of Air Pollutants and Weather Variables

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kambiz Masoumi ◽  
Maryam Haddadzadeh Shoushtari ◽  
Arash Forouzan ◽  
Ali Asgari Darian ◽  
Maryam Dastoorpoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Epidemiological Effects ◽  
Control Study

Background. This study compares different risk factors in patients visiting a hospital during five rainfall-associated bronchospasm epidemics in Ahvaz and those visiting on other occasions.Methods. This case-control study was conducted on 5307 patients with bronchospasm admitted to the Emergency Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz (Iran) from late October to December (as the epidemic) and 916 patients admitted from late January to March (as the nonepidemic) in 2011 to 2015.Results. A total of the 41.7% of the cases and 48.8% of the controls had episodes of bronchospasm, suggesting a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.001). The mean concentrations of PM10, NO, NO2, and NOxpollutants (except O3) were significantly higher in the nonepidemic periods (P<0.05). The adjusted analysis showed a direct significant relationship between emergency respiratory admissions and each unit of increase in NO and SO2concentration during the epidemic periods and NO2concentration during the nonepidemic periods. During the epidemic periods, a direct and significant relationship was also observed between respiratory admissions and each unit of increase in relative humidity and evaporation.Conclusion. The results suggest that certain pollutants and weather variables are associated with the risk of emergency respiratory admissions during epidemic periods.

scholarly journals Determinants of undernutrition among children under-five years old in southern Ethiopia: does pregnancy intention matter? A community-based unmatched case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Feyisso Shaka ◽  
Yetayal Birhanu Woldie ◽  
Hirbaye Mokona Lola ◽  
Kalkidan Yohannes Olkamo ◽  
Adane Tesfaye Anbasse
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Pregnancy Intention ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Control Study

Effect of migraine attack on pupil size, accommodation and ocular aberrations

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212097533
Author(s):  
Merve Beyza Yildiz ◽  
Elvin Yildiz ◽  
Sevcan Balci ◽  
Buse Rahime Hasirci Bayir ◽  
Yılmaz Çetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Migraine Attack ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Unilateral Headache ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Prospective Case Control Study

Purpose: To evaluate the pupil size, accommodation, and ocular higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in patients with migraine during migraine attacks and compare them with interictal period and healthy controls. Methods: This prospective, case–control study included 48 eyes of 24 patients with migraine and 48 eyes of 24 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Measurements were performed using a Hartmann Shack aberrometer. Accommodative responses to accommodative stimulus ranging from 0 to 5 diopters (D) in increments of 0.5 D were recorded. Spherical, coma, trefoil aberration, and root mean square (RMS) of total HOAs were assessed. Patients with migraine were measured twice during the interictal phase and during migraine attack. Results: The mean pupil size significantly decreased during migraine attack (5.85 ± 0.19 mm) compared with the interictal phase (6.05 ± 0.19 mm) in the patients with migraine ( p = 0.012). There was a significant increase in the accommodative response to accommodative stimulus of 1.5 to 5 D during migraine attack. No significant change was observed in HOAs during migraine attack. In addition, no ictal or interictal period measurements were statistically significantly different from the controls. Comparing symptomatic and non-symptomatic sides in 17 migraine patients with unilateral headache, no significant difference was found in any of the measurements in both ictal and interictal periods. Conclusion: Our results suggest the presence of a subtle oculosympathetic hypofunction in patients with migraine during the ictal period compared to the interictal period. The accommodation status of the eye seems to be affected by this autonomic dysfunction.

scholarly journals Physical and mental growth and development in children with congenital hypothyroidism: a case–control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Nazari ◽  
Kimia Jafari ◽  
Maryam Chegini ◽  
Akram Maleki ◽  
Pari MirShafiei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Children Development ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Introduction The clinical complications of congenital hypothyroidism such as brain disorders are very subtle and are not recognizable in infancy period. They are recognizable when it is too late for treatment or prevention. General screening of newborns is effective in diagnosing congenital hypothyroidism and initiating initial treatment. The aim of this study is to compare the physical and mental growth pattern of children with congenital hypothyroidism with healthy ones. Methods This case–control study was performed on 34 patients and 68 healthy children who were matched in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Children development screening test (ASQ), children development assessment test (Bayley), preschool Wechsler intelligence scale (WPPSI) and age and steps questionnaire of emotional social development (ASQ-SE) were completed by trained questioners. Data were analyzed using STATA software. Results The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean of verbal (P = 0.77), non-verbal (P = 0.81) and general (P = 0.66) IQ in permanent and transient patients and healthy individuals. Also, there was no significant difference between the mean of different ranges of ASQ test (including communication, delicate and large movements, problem solving and social) at 12 months and 42 months (P < 0.05). According to Bayley test, there was no significant difference between the cases (permanent and transient) and controls in the cognitive (P = 0.42) and expressive (P = 0.38) categories. The difference was significant in the perceptual (P = 0.011), large (P = 0.03) and delicate (P = 0.04) movements categories. Conclusion This study emphasized on the high effectiveness of neonate hypothyroidism screening program, so that the difference between 3.5 years old children with and without this disease has decreased significantly. Early diagnosis of the patients, while creating beneficial effects for patients and increasing quality of life, cause reduction in the long-term costs of the health system.

scholarly journals Serum vitamin D and immunoglobulin E levels in children of allergic rhinitis: a case-control study from Central India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Payasvi Baweja Sachdeva ◽  
Sheloj Joshi ◽  
Shweta Anand
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Serum Ige ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Control Study

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the commonest type of non-infective rhinitis. Genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the development of the disease. Researchers are having interest in knowing the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of allergy. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is integral to the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. However, the relationship between serum IgE levels and AR is still a matter of debate. Thus, this study aimed to know serum IgE and serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels in patients with clinically diagnosed AR and control group.Methods: A case-control study was performed from May 2019 to October 2019 in LNMC and JK hospital. All 54 children with physician diagnosed AR aged 12 to 18 years of both genders who have come in the OPD (total enumeration sampling) during the above mentioned period were enrolled into the study and their 54 healthy counterparts are taken as controls. Other parameters such as age, gender, occupation and region of residence were also compared between the groups.Results: This study found highly significant difference in the mean serum IgE levels while there is a significant difference in the mean serum vitamin D levels between two groups.Conclusions: The study group with AR had significantly higher mean level of serum IgE and lower mean serum vitamin D levels as compared to control groups. However, upon stratification of vitamin D levels, the differences were insignificant. Further studies should be conducted to know the value of IgE as a prognostic factor of AR severity and to throw more light on association of vitamin D with AR.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19 in Resident Physicians at a Mexico City Teaching Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Jessica G. Azcorra-Lopez ◽  
Jesus Reyna-Figueroa ◽  
Eva M. Luna-Rivera ◽  
Berenice Cabañas-Espinosa ◽  
Yamile N. Esquivel-Torruco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Resident Physicians ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals have been busy controlling their spread among healthcare workers, including resident doctors. We seek to characterize and know the transmission dynamics of the SARS-COV-2 infection in the personnel of our hospital. Methodology: 204 resident physicians were followed up, in three parts: Part 1. Training, Part 2. follow-up through the WhatsApp application, Part 3. case-control study; looking for risk factors. The statistical analysis was carried out using measures of central tendency and dispersion, comparison of proportions and rates. As well as the calculation of the odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval; p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 66 resident physicians were included, 31.8% had a positive result. The mean age was 28.9. The most frequent clinical manifestation was myalgia (66.6%), followed by headache (47%). When comparing with symptomatic resident physicians, with a negative test, there was a significant difference in arthralgia (p = 0.01) and dyspnea (0.05). Noncompliance with training (OR 7.0; 95% CI 2.2-26 and p = 0.000) was significant as a risk factor for infection. Conclusions: Resident physicians must be mostly supervised during infection prevention and containment training.

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