scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metal Levels in Soil and Vegetables in Some Farms Around Mining Sites in Mangu Local Government Area Plateau State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Nanven D Nimyel ◽  
Elizabeth S. Chundusu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Illegal Mining ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Human Food Chain ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Slight Contamination

When the mining process is not properly controlled, it can be a source of heavy metals pollution in the environment. The uptake of these heavy metals in edible parts of vegetables can be a direct source of the metals into the human food chain. This study assessed the concentrations of lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) in soil and vegetables obtained from nine (9) farms around mining sites in Mangu LGA. Concentrations of heavy metals in soil and vegetables were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results revealed the concentrations of the heavy metals at the farms to be within the recommended maximum levels of world soils but were higher than their respective controls. This implies that the artisanal mining contributed to the increased values of these heavy metals in the environment. Also, the mean concentrations of the heavy metals at Mangu Halle mining site decreased in the order Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd whereas at Alogwom it decreased in the order Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd. The enrichment factor (EF) of the elements showed deficiency to minimum enrichment for all the heavy metals whereas the pollution index (PI) of the metals indicated very slight contamination to moderate pollution. The results of the heavy metals in the vegetables showed that the bioaccumulation of the metals followed a pattern: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni. Levels of Cd, Pb and Ni in the vegetables were observed to be higher than the recommended limit for vegetables whereas Cu, Cr and Zn exhibited lower values than recommended standards. Thus, their consumption might pose health risk to consumers and therefore there is the need for proper monitoring of the illegal mining activities to reduce health risk and the extent of heavy metals contamination.

scholarly journals Characterization and Evaluation of Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Tin Mine Tailings in Selected Area of Plateau State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 406-413
Author(s):  
D. D. Bwede ◽  
R. A. Wuana ◽  
G. O. EGAH ◽  
A. U. Itodo ◽  
E. Ogah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Mine Tailings ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Exposure Pathway ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cu And Zn

Tin mining tailings are unprocessed waste materials that overlie an ore which are displaced during mining activities. This research work is aimed at characterizing and evaluating the human health risk of heavy metals in tin mine tailings in Zabot (S3) and Tafan (S4) districts in Barkin Ladi Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. The samples were characterized using EDX-XRF and SEM. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Pb, Cr, As, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn) were determined in S3 and S4. The results showed that Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn were within the USEPA permissible limits, except for Pb and As with range of (270-300) mg/kg and (40-70) mg/kg respectively for both mining and control sites of S3 and S4. The SEM results revealed small particles size with fine porous structure, and rough areas with varying sizes and pores distributed over the surface for S3 and S4 respectively. Results of the risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient HQ and HI values were greater than 1 indicating high risk. The Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and As were evaluated for S3 and S4 for the three exposure pathway and it was found that the mining sites pose more risk than the control and the children were more exposed than the adults. The carcinogenicity of these samples were due to the high hazard quotient for ingestion and dermal exposure pathway. The R total results for As, Cr, Pb and Ni for mining site S3 were found to be (1.39 × 102 , 2.02 × 10-7 , 3.30 × 103 and 8.17 × 10-8 ), and control site (3.42 × 103 , 2.64 × 10-5 , 38.30 × 101 , 6.90 × 10-8 ) for As, Cr, Pb and Ni respectively. From the R total results As and Pb were more than the acceptable threshold, while Cr and Ni were below the threshold of 1 × 10-4 . For the mining site S4, the R total were found to be (5.70 × 102 , 1.82 × 10-7 , 3.63 × 104 and 9.64 × 10-9 ),and the control (1.16 × 103 , 1.71 × 10-7 , 31.1 × 102 and 1.51 × 10-8 ) for As, Cr, Pb and Ni respectively. From the results of the mining and control sites, As and Pb R total were higher than the acceptable threshold, while Cr and Ni were below the threshold of 1 × 10-4 .

scholarly journals Health risk assessment of heavy metals from pesticides use in Plateau State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-141
Author(s):  
U. Bawa ◽  
A. Ahmad ◽  
J.N. Ahmad ◽  
A. G. Ezra
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plateau State

Heavy metals bioaccumulation in agricultural crops fumigated with pesticides has growninto a major concern globally. This study assessed heavy metals concentrations (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn) in commonly consumed crops and their corresponding soil from agricultural farm lands in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the studied crops ranged from 0.17-100.75, 0.17-54.33, 0.83-28.75, 0.17-5.50, 0.5-0.5mg/kg for Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd respectively. The trend of heavy metals in the crops were in decreasing order of Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd and their concentrations varied in different parts of the crops. The mean concentration of Cd, Pb, and Cr in the studiedcrops were above the WHO, (2019) permissible limits and therefore a call for concern. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the soil varied from 0.5-0.5, 2.50-13.83, 3.67-5.75, 11.83-26.33, and 41-89.50 mg/kg for Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn respectively and were below the UNEP, (2013) permissible limits for agricultural soil. The result showed that Pb had the highest transfer factor (1.91) in (Capsicum annuum) and Zn had theleast. Similarly, the result revealed high Pollution index value for Pb compared to other metals. Hazard quotient and Hazard index of all the crops were less than 1; thus the consumption of these crops is unlikely to pose health risks to the target population. However, the result showed health risk from daily intake of some of the studied crops for Pb ((Brassica oleracea, Lactucasativus, Zea mays, Spinaciaoleracea, and Capsicum annuum). Hence, regular monitoring and screening of pesticides for heavy metals should be employed by government agencies.

scholarly journals Health risk assessment and heavy metal bioaccumulation in vegetables irrigated with waste water in Kano State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 10890
Author(s):  
M. A. HABU ◽  
Usman BAWA ◽  
Saheed I. MUSA
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metal Levels

Intake of vegetables grown in heavy metals contaminated soils is one of the most common food chain routes for exposure of human. For this purpose, this research aimed at evaluating the concentration of heavy metals (cadmium-Cd, lead-Pb and zinc-Zn) in vegetables such as spinach (S), lettuce (L), and onion (O), irrigated with two different wastewater sources in Kano State Nigeria. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric analysis (AAS) was used in this research to determine the metal levels. Zn (0.17-0.12 mg/l) was detected in the wastewater, as well as in the irrigated soil (8.36-33.64 mg/kg), while Cd and Pb were not detected in both the wastewater and irrigated soils. Furthermore, between (1.50-27.05 mg/kg) of Zn was detected in the assayed vegetables (S, L and O). However, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the Zn content of the two wastewater sites.  Lactuca sativa was observed to have the highest Zn concentration (27.5 mg/kg) in site A, while Spinacia oleracea had the lowest Zn concentration (1.5 mg/kg). Zn levels in all the samples analysed in this study were below the permissible limit of 100 mg/kg in vegetables, 50 mg/kg in soil and 5mg/l in wastewater set by FAO/WHO. However, Pb and Cd were not detected in all the samples. Bioaccumulation factor was found ranging from 0.32-41.17 mg/kg and the pollution index ranged from (0.46-1.80 µg g-1). This indicated potential health risk from Zn in people who are consuming these vegetables for long period of time due to biomagnification. This research suggested that frequent test should be carried out to monitor the accumulation and, farmers should be sensitized on the importance of treating irrigation water before agricultural usage.

scholarly journals Distribution, source, water quality and health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals in major rivers in Wuhan, China

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11853
Author(s):  
Xingyong Zhang ◽  
Qixin Wu ◽  
Shilin Gao ◽  
Zhuhong Wang ◽  
Shouyang He
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Source Water Quality

Heavy metals are released into the water system through various natural processes and anthropogenic activities, thus indirectly or directly endangering human health. The distribution, source, water quality and health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals (V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Mo, Sb) in major rivers in Wuhan were analyzed by correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The results showed that the spatial variability of heavy metal contents was pronounced. PCA and CA results indicated that natural sources controlled Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Mo, and industrial emissions were the dominant factor for V, Zn and Sb, while As was mainly from the mixed input of urban and agricultural activities. According to the heavy metal pollution index (HPI, ranging from 23.74 to 184.0) analysis, it should be noted that As and Sb contribute most of the HPI values. The health risk assessment using HI and CR showed that V and Sb might have a potential non-carcinogenic risk and As might have a potential carcinogenic risk to adults and children in the study area (CR value exceeded target risk 10−4). At the same time, it was worth noting that As might have a potential non-carcinogenic risk for children around QLR (HI value exceeded the threshold value 1). The secular variation of As and Sb should be monitor in high-risk areas. The results of this study can provide important data for improving water resources management efficiency and heavy metal pollution prevention in Wuhan.

scholarly journals Levels of heavy metals in soils and food crops cultivated within selected mining sites in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
David Okechukwu Okeke ◽  
◽  
Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Health Association ◽  
Health Organization

The level of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Mg, Ca, Hg, Ni, Cr, Zn, Ag, Co, Mo, Se and Al) in soils and food crops (okra, cassava and rice) cultivated within selected mining sites in Ebonyi State, Nigeria were determined using FS240AA Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) according to the method of American Public Health Association (APHA). Soil samples were collected from Enyigba mining site, Ikwo mining site, AmeriAmekamining site, Izza mining site, MkpumeAkwatakwa mining site and MpumeAkwaokuku mining site while the food crop samples (okra, cassava and rice) were collected from the farmlands within the mining sites. Control samples were collected 500m away from the mining destinations were there was no evidence of mining activities on the soils. A total of sixty sub-samples and six control soil samples were collected for this study. Generally, the values of all the heavy metals analyzed for soil and food crop samples were higher than the values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), and those from the control site suggesting possible mobility of the metals from mining sites to farmlands through leaching and runoffs. The findings in this study also revealed that the food crops contain heavy metals exceeding the maximum permissible concentration, and could be detrimental to human health when they are consumed.

scholarly journals Assessing Soil Metal Levels in an Industrial Environment of Northwestern China and the Phytoremediation Potential of Its Native Plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Yujing Yang ◽  
Changxiao Li ◽  
Xilu Ni ◽  
Wenchao Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Metal Levels

Various industrial activities contribute heavy metals to terrestrial ecosystems. In order to evaluate the soil quality of industrial areas and to identify the potential phytoremediator from the native plant species, we collected 45 surface soil samples and 21 plant species in a typical industrial area of northwestern China. The results showed that the average values of the Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the soils were 36.91, 1.67, 7.20, 1.38, 1.27, and 6.66 times, respectively, compared with the corresponding background values. The average single factor pollution index for heavy metals decreased in the order of Cd > As > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb. The study area was seriously polluted by Cd and As, slightly polluted by Zn, and had relatively little contamination by Cr, Pb, and Cu. In terms of the average Nemerow synthetic pollution index in every sampling site, 97.78% of the samples were seriously polluted and 2.22% of the samples were moderately polluted, which indicated that almost all of the samples in the industrial area were seriously polluted. The results of the biomass, heavy metal concentrations, bioconcentration factors (BCF), and translocation factors (TF) for the native plants showed that Achnatherum splendens for metal Cr presented a phytostabilization potential, Artemisia scoparia and Echinochloa crusgalli for metal Cu and Halogeton arachnoideus for metal Zn presented a phytoextraction potential, and all of the studied plants were limited as phytoremediators for Cd or Pb contaminated soil.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Consumption of Vegetables Irrigated with Tin Mine Pond Water in Jos – South, Plateau State

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Mafuyai ◽  
S. Ugbidye ◽  
G. I. Ezekiel
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Plateau State

The water range from Pb (1.439 – 1.715), Cu (0.234 – 0.377), Cd (0.838 – 1.346), Zn (0.448 – 1.110), Cr (0.144 – 0.794), Mn (0.777 – 2.011) and As (0.584 – 1.341) mg/L.  The range in soil was Pb (67.5 – 120), Cu (8.51 – 32.5), Cd (0.21 – 1.72), Zn (70.8 – 85.6), Cr (15.8 – 29.5), Mn (14.6 – 19.1) and As (52.0 – 198) mg/kg and  in the vegetables in the range of Pb (0.177 – 0.545), Cu (0.073 – 0.748), Cd (0.005 – 0.019), Zn (0.264 – 0.915), Cr (0.089 – 0.158), Mn (0.162 – 0.253) and As (0.032 – 0.245) mg/kg. The study shows that the transfer coefficient of the heavy metals to vegetable was less than one (< 1). The estimated daily intake (DIM) of heavy metals from vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water were in the order: Cd > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb > As.  The health risk index (HRI) of all the studied heavy metals indicated that all vegetables were safe with no risk to human health except for Cd.  health risk assessment of heavy metals in consumption of vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water in Jos - South, Plateau State

scholarly journals Human health risk assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury co-exposure from agricultural soils in the Tuzla Canton (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-279
Author(s):  
Maida Šljivić Husejnović ◽  
Saša Janković ◽  
Dragica Nikolić ◽  
Biljana Antonijević
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Probabilistic Methods ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Metal Levels

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the risk of human exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) through agricultural soil by considering both uncertainty and variability in key exposure parameters. For this reason we collected soil samples from 29 locations in the Tuzla Canton (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and measured their metal levels with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission or absorption spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-AAS, respectively). The levels of Pb ranged from 13.33 to 1692.33 mg/kg, of Cd from 0.05 to 3.67 mg/kg, and of Hg from 0.02 to 2.73 mg/kg. To estimate cancer and non-cancer risks we used deterministic and semi-probabilistic methods. Lead was found to involve higher health risk than the other two heavy metals. Its hazard index (HI) decreased between population groups (children>women>men) and exposure routes (ingestion>skin contact>inhalation). Our Monte Carlo simulations indicated that Pb HIs for both adult populations had a 0.6 % probability to exceed the threshold value of 1, while in children this probability was 14.2 %. Cd and Hg showed no probability to exceed the threshold in any scenario. Our simulation results raise concern about possible adverse health effects of heavy metals from soil, especially in children. It is very important to continue monitoring environmental pollution and assess human health risk, not only with respect to soil, but also with other important environmental compartments, such as air and water.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution and Stable Isotopic Signatures in Hard Rock Aquifers of Krishnagiri District, South India

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manikandan ◽  
S. Chidambaram ◽  
M. V. Prasanna ◽  
Rakesh Roshan Ganayat
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Hard Rock ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Degree Of Contamination ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Hard Rock Aquifers

The area chosen for study, Krishnagiri district, has a hard rock terrain and the aquifers located there are sparsely recharged by limited rainfall. The study area has a complex geology with hard rock aquifers. To have an overall view of the trace metals concentration in the groundwater of the study area, 39 groundwater samples were collected during Post Monsoon (POM) representing various lithologies. pH, EC, TDS, major ions and 22 heavy metals were analyzed for all the samples. Ca-Cl is the dominant water facies in the groundwater, which indicates the dissolution of ions by local precipitation. The analysis shows the dominance of trace metal levels in groundwater as follows: Zn > Ba > Sr > Fe > Al > B > Mn > Cu > Pb > Ni > V > Li > Rb > Cr > Mo > Se > As > Co > Cd > Ag > Sb > Be. The pollution indices, namely the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and degree of contamination (Cd) were calculated to assess the drinking and agriculture water usage. The pollution indices show that 2% of samples are polluted with respect to HPI and 3% with respect to the degree of contamination. The heavy metals (Al-Cr-Mn-Fe-Ni-Co-Zn-Ba-Pb) in groundwater show significant correlations with these indices, suggesting that they are affected by weathering of rock matrix with less anthropogenic impact. Stable isotopes (Oxygen and Hydrogen) were analyzed to identify the possible recharge mechanisms in the groundwater. It has been identified that recharge is mainly due to the local precipitation, which is the result of release metals in the groundwater through weathering.

scholarly journals Concentrations, Possible Sources and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Multi-Media Environment of the Songhua River, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunyang Li ◽  
Song Cui ◽  
Fuxiang Zhang ◽  
Rupert Hough ◽  
Qiang Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Songhua River ◽  
Multi Media ◽  
The Songhua River

Heavy metal pollution in the river environment has been a source of widespread interest due to potential threats to human health and ecosystem security. Many studies have looked at heavy metal pollution in the context of single source-pathway-receptor relationships, however few have sought to understand pollution from a more wholistic multi-media perspective. To investigate potential risks in a more wholistic way, concentrations of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) were detected in multi-media (water, sediment and riparian soil) collected from 14 sampling sites in the main stream of the Songhua River. Chemical analyses indicated that the average concentration of heavy metals in water followed: Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd, with a different trend observed in sediments and riparian soil: Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd. The potential risk was evaluated using the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), Nemerow pollution index (PN), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) metrics. Results showed that all HPI values were lower than the critical level of 100 indicating that the levels of these targeted heavy metals were within drinking water safety limits. The PN indicated that both sediment (2.64) and soil (2.95) could be considered “moderately polluted”, with Cd and Zn providing the most significant contributions. A human health risk assessment suggested that the non-carcinogenic risks were within acceptable levels (HI < 1), as was the cancer risk associated with dermal adsorption (CR <10−6). However, the CR associated with ingestion exposure (4.58 × 10−6) exceeded the cancer risk threshold (10−6) indicative of elevated cancer incidence in exposed populations. Health-risk estimates were primarily associated with Cd in the Songhua River. Source apportionment was informed by Pearson correlation analysis coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) which indicated that Cu was mainly derived from natural (geogenic) sources; Cr and Ni were associated with industrial emissions; Pb might be derived from agricultural and transportation sources; Zn might be from industrial, agricultural activities and transportation; while Cd is likely from industrial and agricultural emissions. The source apportionment information could provide the basis for a risk-management strategy focused on reducing Cd and Zn emissions to the riverine environment. Results from this study will provide the scientific knowledge that is needed for measuring and controlling heavy metals sources and pollution characteristics, and identifying the potential cancer risk with different exposure pathways, as well as making effective environmental management policies at catchment or regional scales.

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