scholarly journals Practical Review of Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Tuberculosis in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Tiffany Roelan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Cutaneous Tuberculosis ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assays ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Treatment Principle ◽  
Tuberculosis Diagnosis

Tuberculosis is a life-threatening infectious disease that remains a high incidence worldwide. The classification of tuberculosis can be divided into two forms, i.e., pulmonary and extrapulmonary.  The pathogenesis of tuberculosis depends on the cell-mediated immunity of the host. One of the variants of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is cutaneous tuberculosis, that commonly found in Indonesia. Based on the bacterial load, cutaneous tuberculosis is divided into two types, multibacillary and paucibacillary tuberculosis. Diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis often requires specific investigations, such as histopathology, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, Interferon-Gamma Release Assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology, and Polymerase Chain Reaction. The treatment principle for cutaneous tuberculosis is the same as the treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis, which consists of an intensive and maintenance phase.

scholarly journals Acute Peritonitis: A Rare Complication Revealing Intestinal Tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
Sabbah M ◽  
Trad D ◽  
Jemmali C ◽  
Jouini R ◽  
Elloumi H ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Complication ◽  
Intestinal Tuberculosis ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Acute Peritonitis ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Tuberculosis Diagnosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Life Threatening Complication ◽  
Specific Symptoms ◽  
Disease Free

Intestinal tuberculosis diagnosis is often difficult because of non-specific symptoms, miming many other conditions such as malignancy, infectious disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Free intestinal perforation is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of intestinal tuberculosis, associated with high morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals A Rapid and International Applicable Diagnostic Device for Cobra (Genus Naja) Snakebites

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Jing-Hua Lin ◽  
Wang-Chou Sung ◽  
Jiunn-Wang Liao ◽  
Dong-Zong Hung
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limits ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immunochromatographic Test ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Diagnostic Device ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Geographical Characteristics

Cobra snakes (genus Naja) are some of the most dangerous snake species in Asia and Africa, as their bites cause severe life-threatening respiratory failure and local tissue destruction, especially in the case of late diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of snakebite envenomation still mainly relies upon symptomatology, the patient’s description, and the experience of physicians. We have designed a rapid test, immunochromatographic test of cobra (ICT-Cobra), which obtained fair results in improving the diagnosis and treatment of Naja (N.) atra snakebites in Taiwan. In this study, we further investigated the feasibility of applying the kit for the detection of other cobra venoms based on the potential interspecies similarity. We firstly demonstrated the cross-reactivity between eight venoms of medically important cobra species and the rabbit anti-N. atra IgG that was used in ICT-Cobra by Western blotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then, ICT-Cobra was used to detect various concentrations of the eight venoms to elucidate its performance. Noticeable correlations between the cross-reactivity of venoms from genus Naja snakes and existing geographical characteristics were found. ICT-Cobra could detect venoms from other Asian cobras with variable detection limits comparable to those observed for N. atra, but the kit was less successful in the detection of venom from African cobras. The similar but slightly different venom components and the interaction between venom and rabbit anti-N. atra IgG led to variations in the detection limits. The transcontinental usage of ICT-Cobra might be possible due to the cross-reactivity of antibodies and similarities among the larger-sized proteins. This study showed that the close immunological relationships in the genus Naja could be used to develop a venom detection kit for the diagnosis of cobra envenomation in both Asian and African regions. Additional clinical studies and technical adjustments are still needed to improve the efficacy and broadening the application of ICT-Cobra in the future.

scholarly journals Borderline tuberculoid leprosy, lupus vulgaris and pulmonary tuberculosis: A rare association

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1505-1507
Author(s):  
Palzum Sherpa ◽  
Amit Amatya ◽  
Trishna Kakshapati
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Lupus Vulgaris ◽  
Posterior Aspect ◽  
Mycobacterial Infections ◽  
Cutaneous Tuberculosis ◽  
First Case ◽  
Tuberculoid Leprosy

Tuberculosis and leprosy are chronic mycobacterial infections that elicit granulomatous inflammation. The incidence of co-existence of pulmonary tuberculosis and leprosy has ranged from 2.5%-13.4%.1 Cutaneous tuberculosis is a variant of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and its  simultaneous occurrence with leprosy is uncommon. The concomitant presence of leprosy, pulmonary as well as cutaneous tuberculosis is rare. We report a case of borderline tuberculoid leprosy, lupus vulgaris and pulmonary tuberculosis in a 45 years male who presented to the dermatology outpatient department with three morphologically distinct skin lesions over the posterior aspect of right leg. Ours is presumably the first case reported from Nepal, a country where both of these mycobacterial infections are endemic.

scholarly journals A longitudinal immunologic evaluation of hemophiliac patients

Blood ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 993-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD deShazo ◽  
CB Daul ◽  
WA Andes ◽  
BE Bozelka
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Suppressor Cell ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Biologic Response ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Generalized Lymphadenopathy ◽  
One Year

Abstract Over an average span of one year, we performed a prospective clinical and immunologic evaluation of 30 patients with hemophilia. No patient developed life-threatening opportunistic infection or malignancy; however, the immunologic abnormalities and lymphadenopathy initially present in nine patients (lymphadenopathy group) persisted. In addition, five patients, representing 24% of the initial group without lymphadenopathy, developed generalized lymphadenopathy (converter group). One episode of idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) and one episode of staphylococcal sepsis occurred in this “converter” group; one episode of ITP also occurred in the lymphadenopathy group. Sixteen patients remained asymptomatic. At the time of the follow-up evaluation, those differences in mononuclear cell (MNC) percentages and numbers noted initially among the three hemophiliac groups were no longer present. Natural killer cell function alone or in the presence of biologic response modifiers was not different among hemophiliac and control groups. Before developing lymphadenopathy, the converter group of patients had significantly better lymphocyte mitogenic function than did the other two groups of patients with hemophilia. However, lymphocyte mitogenic responses of all groups of patients with hemophilia significantly deteriorated over the course of the study. The abnormal mitogenic responses noted in these patients was explained in part by higher levels of spontaneous suppressor cell activity in mononuclear cell preparations from patients with hemophilia. We conclude that long-term immunologic studies of this patient population requires both quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Our data show that patients with hemophilia have progressive dysfunction of cell- mediated immunity.

Serologic Results in >1000 Patients With Suspected Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh G. Shelat ◽  
Anne Tomaski ◽  
Eleanor S. Pollak
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Serotonin Release ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Functional Assay ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
Pathogenic Antibodies

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) can lead to life-threatening and limb-threatening thrombosis. HIT is thought to be initiated by the interaction of pathogenic antibodies toward a complex platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin (PF4:H), which can activate platelets and predispose to thrombosis. As such, the laboratory diagnosis of HIT includes antigenic and functional assays to detect antibodies directed at PF4:H complexes. We performed a retrospective analysis of 1017 consecutive samples tested by serotonin-release assay and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most samples showed no serologic evidence of HIT, whereas 4% to 5% of samples demonstrated both antigenic and functional serological evidence for HIT. Approximately 12% to 18% of samples showed immunologic evidence of anti-PF4:H antibodies but without functional evidence of serotonin release in vitro. Interestingly, a small minority of samples (0.7%) caused serotonin release but were negative in the ELISA. The results are presented using cutoff values established at our hospital and for the ELISA manufacturer. This study provides a pretest probability of the serologic results from an antigenic assay (ELISA) and a functional assay (serotonin-release assay) in patients clinically suspected of having HIT.

scholarly journals Human Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapy in the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Bugli ◽  
Margherita Cacaci ◽  
Cecilia Martini ◽  
Riccardo Torelli ◽  
Brunella Posteraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Heat Shock Protein 90 ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Antibody Molecule ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Mucosal Candidiasis ◽  
New Formulation

Invasive candidiasis (IC) represents the leading fungal infection of humans causing life-threatening disease in immunosuppressed and neutropenic individuals including also the intensive care unit patients. Despite progress in recent years in drugs development for the treatment of IC, morbidity and mortality rates still remain very high. Historically, cell-mediated immunity and innate immunity are considered to be the most important lines of defense against candidiasis. Nevertheless recent evidence demonstrates that antibodies with defined specificities could act with different degrees showing protection against systemic and mucosal candidiasis. Mycograb is a human recombinant monoclonal antibody against heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) that was revealed to have synergy when combined with fluconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B against a broad spectrum ofCandidaspecies. Furthermore, recent studies have established an important role for Hsp90 in mediatingCandidaresistance to echinocandins, giving to this antibody molecule even more attractive biological properties. In response to the failure of marketing authorization by the CHMP (Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use) a new formulation of Mycograb, named Mycograb C28Y variant, with an amino acid substitution was developed in recent years. First data on Mycograb C28Y variant indicate that this monoclonal antibody lacked efficacy in a murine candidiasis model.

scholarly journals Paeonol attenuates inflammation by targeting HMGB1 through upregulating miR-339-5p

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyan Mei ◽  
Meihong He ◽  
Chaoying Zhang ◽  
Jifei Miao ◽  
Quan Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Moutan Cortex ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractSepsis is a life-threatening disease caused by infection. Inflammation is a key pathogenic process in sepsis. Paeonol, an active ingredient in moutan cortex (a Chinese herb), has many pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antitumour actions. Previous studies have indicated that paeonol inhibits the expression of HMGB1 and the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. However, its underlying mechanism is still unknown. In this study, microarray assay and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results confirmed that paeonol could significantly up-regulate the expression of miR-339-5p in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Dual-luciferase assays indicated that miR-339-5p interacted with the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of HMGB1. Western blot, immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses indicated that miR-339-5p mimic and siHMGB1 both negatively regulated the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., HMGB1, IL-1β and TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Studies have confirmed that IKK-β is targeted by miR-339-5p, and we further found that paeonol could inhibit IKK-β expression. Positive mutual feedback between HMGB1 and IKK-β was observed when we silenced HMGB1 or IKK-β. These results indicated that paeonol could attenuate the inflammation mediated by HMGB1 and IKK-β by upregulating miR-339-5p expression. In addition, we constructed CLP model mice by cecal ligation and puncture. Paeonol was used to intervene to investigate its anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. The results showed that paeonol could improve the survival rate of sepsis mice and protect the kidney of sepsis mice.

scholarly journals Serodiagnostic Potential of Culture Filtrate Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Samanich ◽  
M. A. Keen ◽  
V. D. Vissa ◽  
J. D. Harder ◽  
J. S. Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antigen Profile ◽  
Smear Negative ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
Hiv Negative

ABSTRACT Our studies of the humoral responses of tuberculosis (TB) patients have defined the repertoire of culture filtrate antigens ofMycobacterium tuberculosis that are recognized by antibodies from cavitary and noncavitary TB patients and demonstrated that the profile of antigens recognized changes with disease progression (K. Samanich et al., J. Infect. Dis. 178:1534–1538, 1998). We have identified several antigens with strong serodiagnostic potential. In the present study we have evaluated the reactivity of cohorts of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative, smear-positive; HIV-negative, smear-negative; and HIV-infected TB patients, with three of the candidate antigens, an 88-kDa protein, antigen (Ag) 85C, and MPT32, and compared the reactivity of the same patient cohort with the 38-kDa antigen and Ag 85A. We have also compared the reactivity of native Ag 85C and MPT32 with their recombinant counterparts. The evaluation of the reactivity was done by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay described earlier (S. Laal et al., Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol. 4:49–56, 1997), in which all sera are preadsorbed againstEscherichia coli lysates to reduce the levels of cross-reactive antibodies. Our results demonstrate that (i) antigens identified on the basis of their reactivity with TB patients' sera provide high sensitivities for serodiagnosis, (ii) recombinant Ag 85C and MPT32, expressed in E. coli, show reduced reactivity with human TB sera, and (iii) of the panel of antigens tested, the 88-kDa protein is the most promising candidate for serodiagnosis of TB in HIV-infected individuals. Moreover, these results reaffirm that both the extent of the disease and the bacterial load may play a role in determining the antigen profile recognized by antibodies.

Pemphigus Vulgaris: Update on Etiopathogenesis, Oral Manifestations, and Management

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crispian Scully ◽  
Stephen J. Challacombe
Keyword(s):  
Pemphigus Vulgaris ◽  
Intravenous Immunoglobulins ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Ashkenazi Jews ◽  
Normal Human Skin ◽  
Autoimmune Blistering Disease ◽  
Systemic Corticosteroids ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Systemic Infections

Pemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening diseases characterized by cutaneous and mucosal blistering. There is a fairly strong genetic background to pemphigus with linkage to HLA class II alleles. Certain ethnic groups, such as Ashkenazi Jews and those of Mediterranean origin, are especially liable to pemphigus. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), the most common and important variant, is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by circulating pathogenic IgG antibodies against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), about half the patients also having Dsg1 autoantibodies. Oral lesions are initially vesiculobullous but readily rupture, new bullae developing as the older ones rupture and ulcerate. Biopsy of perilesional tissue, with histological and immunostaining examinations, is essential to the diagnosis. Serum autoantibodies to either Dsg1 or Dsg3 are best detected by both normal human skin and monkey esophagus or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Before the introduction of corticosteroids, pemphigus vulgaris was typically fatal mainly from dehydration or secondary systemic infections. Current treatment is largely based on systemic immunosuppression using systemic corticosteroids, with azathioprine, dapsone, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and gold as adjuvants or alternatives, but mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous immunoglobulins also appear promising.

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