scholarly journals Evaluation of the Level of Biosecurity Measures Adopted in Broiler Farms Based on Manure Bacterial Load Examination in Khartoum State, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Mona Ahmed Babiker Ahmed ◽  
Atif Elamin Abdelgadir ◽  
Hayfa Mohammed Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Road ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manure Storage ◽  
The Mean

This study was conducted to evaluate the level of adopted biosecurity measures in broiler farms based on manure bacterial load examination in Khartoum State, Sudan. To achieve the goal, a cross sectional study was conducted. Data and manure samples were collected from January to September 2018 from 12 close system broiler farms according to Non-probability Multistage Cluster Sampling Method in Khartoum, Khartoum North (Bahri), and Omdurman localities (4 for each). A standardized questionnaire was also conducted and used for data collection. A total of 12 manure samples were collected from one chosen broiler house in each farm to check the TVCs. All collected Data were subjected to descriptive and analytical statistic such as Chi square and ANOVA using SPSS. The Results of external biosecurity measures revealed that half of the total farms examined (50%) were at a distance between 500 m to 1km from the nearest poultry farm. The same percentage was obtained for no manure spreading from neighboring farms. However, frequent passage of other farms vehicles via near public road was reported in 50% of participating farms. The internal biosecurity results showed that all the examined farms (100%) prohibiting manure storage beside 75.0% of them remove the manure through the dirty area. Furthermore, workers protective wearing when contact waste and hygiene practicing after removing waste sometimes practiced by 75.0% of the participant farms. The mean of bacterial TVCs in manure samples was found below the cut-off level (6.01±0.78 cfu/g) with 95% confidence intervals of 4.48-7.37, 5.20-6.79, and 4.39-7.84 and mean TVC of 5.93±0.90, 6.00±0.50, and 6.11±1.08 cfu/g for Khartoum, Khartoum North, and Omdorman, respectively. No significant difference was obtained for log means of bacterial TVCs and farm location (F value=0.047 and P-value=0.955). In conclusion, despite that the bacterial counts in manure samples were below the cut-off level, poor hygienic practices were detected. Formulation of suitable procedures and regulations by official authorities for implementing biosecurity measures is recommended.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of Antibiotic Self-Medication

Thrita ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Mousavi ◽  
Parisa Shojaei ◽  
Azadeh Nazemi ◽  
Atefe Dadashi
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: This research has been conducted to study antibiotic self-medication, prevalence, and reasons. Methods: A questionnaire containing 30 comprehensive questions in terms of the experience of antibiotic self-medication was prepared. In this cross-sectional study, data were analyzed using analytical statistics bases on chi-square and logistic regression. Results: The results showed that 61.3% of the participants were self-antibiotic users. There was a significant difference only between gender and self-medication such that self-medication in males was more than females (P value = 0.027). Conclusions: Self-medication of antibiotics is almost high and requires more information about the side effects of these drugs in order to promote rational and physically prescribed use.

A study of blood pressure in school children between the age of 6-12 years in Chennai, India: a cross sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 2205
Author(s):  
Madhivanan S. ◽  
Harikrishnan E. ◽  
Kumarasamy K.
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background: Blood pressure measurements in childhood are an important clinical examination. Present study was done to evaluate the normal range of blood pressure (BP) in children aged 6-12 years and to find its relationship with regard to age, sex, height and weight criteria and comparing the values with the available standards.Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done in primary and middle schools of Chennai from January 2016 to May 2017. Three readings of blood pressure were recorded for each subject and were correlated with age, gender, socioeconomic status and anthropometry. Data was analysed on SPSS 20.0. P value of <0.05 was considered significantResults: A total of 2002 children (1026 boys, 976 girls) of age between 6-12 years were examined over 18 months. There was an upward trend in both systolic (r = 0.437, P<0.001) and diastolic BP (r = 0.386, P <0.001) with age. There was no statistically significant difference in mean systolic and diastolic BP with gender (P = 0.10), weight (P = 0.10) and height (P = 0.10). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean systolic and diastolic BP between low and high socio-economic groups (P <0.0001). The proportion of children with hypertension was 9.54% with a slight female preponderance.Conclusions: Blood pressure measurement in children is pivotal in clinical examination. It shows a linear relationship with age and varies across socio-economic status. Periodic recording of BP would enable identify hypertension at an early age.

scholarly journals The Relative Frequency of Bacterial Colonization on the Surfaces of Toys in Kindergartens of Yazd

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Zarei Mahmodabadi ◽  
Mahbobeh Shiranian ◽  
Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddan ◽  
Mohamad Hassan Ehrampoush ◽  
Farimah Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Yazd City

Introduction: Kindergartens are the first social environments where children are directly exposed to possible contaminations from other children. Factors such as having uncontrolled urination, putting hand, toys, and different objects into the mouth, and sharing objects with other children facilitate the spread of bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bacterial contamination of toys in kindergartens of Yazd city, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 324 samples of toys made of either cloth, wood, or plastic were collected from kindergartens at three regions of Yazd, Iran. The swab samples obtained from toys' surface were cultured directly on the bacteriologic culture media blood agar and eosin methylene blue. Specific culture medium with biochemical tests and diagnostic disks were used to determine the genus and species of bacteria. Chi-square test was run for statistical analysis of data. The  p value of < 0.05 was considered as the level of significant difference. Results: The most common bacterial colonization of toys found in the kindergartens was Staphylococcus epidermidis (48.3%). Toys made from cloth (with 3914 CFU/cm2) and the municipality region 3 (with 4645 CFU/cm2) showed the highest amount of contamination among the toy materials and different regions, respectively. Conclusion: Assessment of common contaminations in kindergartens may help the authorities to determine the possible causes of pediatric infections and provide them with a more comprehensive knowledge about the personal as well as environmental hygiene. So, by identification of these contaminations, we can modify the underlying factors, reduce the pollutions, and improve the health of children.

scholarly journals The Method and Results of a Treatment Targeting SARS-CoV-2-Activated Inflammasomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badar Kanwar ◽  
Asif Khattak ◽  
Chul Joong Lee ◽  
Jenny Balentine ◽  
R. E. Kast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Clinicians in critical care medicine considered dapsone administration to treat SARS-CoV-2 inflammasome. Dapsone is useful in the molecular regulation of Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3). Objective To study the targeting of NLRP3 itself or up-/downstream factors of the NLRP3 inflammasome by dapsone must be responsible for its observed preventive effects, functioning as a competitor. Methods This is case series with or without intervention; a cross-sectional study. We set out to use objective criteria of improvement, such as A. a reduction in the FIO2 requirement and B. a decrease in the progression of hypoxia. We treated the patients with standard COVID-19 ARDS treatment with dapsone 100 mg to target NLRP3 inflammasomes. Results The 22 cases were treated with standard COVID-19 therapy with dapsone (trial group), and the 22 cases were the control group. The comparison was made assuming that only decreased FIO2 was influential in the trial and control groups, which applied to only the ARDS onset stage. The chi-square statistic is 5.1836. The p-value is .02280. Fisher’s exact test statistic value is 0.0433. (The result is significant at p < .05) Furthermore, the ARDS-onset mortality rates were 0% (with dapsone) and 40% (without dapsone). Conclusion There was a significant difference in dapsone treatment results in the ARDS-onset group. We confirmed that dapsone clinically treated the onset of ARDS by targeting SARS-CoV-2-activated inflammasomes. Like chemically reacting substances, inflammasome and dapsone are competing, proving that it is only effective in treating early ARDS.

scholarly journals Determinants of Stress and Effects on Performance in Part of Lebanese University Medical Residents During Fourth Quarter of 2019

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-148
Author(s):  
Zaynab Toufic Zaylaa ◽  
Aicha Toufic Zaylaa ◽  
Rouwayda Dana ◽  
Bassem Abou Merhi ◽  
Ahmad Mohamad Adawiye
Keyword(s):  
Medical Errors ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Residents ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender

Background and Objective: Medical residents face challenges that expose them to high risk of developing stress. Stress could reach burnout levels and become harmful to residents and patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of stress in current Lebanese University (LU) residents and assessing correlations with some risk factors and consequences. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 130 current LU residents who filled out a questionnaire concerning their demographic data, residency specialty and year, workload, special habits, depression, stress, and frequency of medical errors. Depression and stress scores were obtained using DASS-21 scale. Collected data was analyzed using ANOVA and chi- Square tests in SPSS to find descriptive statistics and correlations. Results: Out of the enrolled residents, 70% had stress ranging between mild and extreme severity. The mean age of the residents was 27.2 years. Females had higher stress than males and gender accounted for 14.1% of variance in stress among residents. Our results implied that internal medicine specialty imposes higher stress than surgery specialty with a significant difference of 4.04 points and working more than 50 hours per week which accounts for 7.6% of variance in stress. Residents had, on average, 4.38 hours of sleep per night and a negative association was found between sleep and stress. Depression was prevalent; 18.5% had severe depression, 3.1% had extremely severe depression, and stress was significantly correlated with it. Similarly, stress was associated with medical errors. No significant correlation was detected between age, marital status, parenting, and residency year, on call duties, or special habits and stress. Conclusion: Stress among medical residents is high due to the different challenges at the personal and occupational level. Stress should be managed especially that it could lead to harmful consequences on the resident’s health and patient’s safety.

scholarly journals Effect Of Internet Addiction On Academic Performance And Mental Health Of Medical Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Ijaz Ali ◽  
Ommia Kalsoom ◽  
Syed Asif Jahanzeb Kazmi ◽  
Tahir Ahmad Munir ◽  
Zanib Qayyum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Internet ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: Objective of this study was to determine internet addiction and its impact on mental health and academic performance in medical students. Methodology: One hundred medical students (male: 50, female: 50) aged 18–21 years were selected by convenience sampling in this cross-sectional study in Mahi-ud-din Islamic Medical college Mirpur AJK. A questionnaire of Young’s internet addiction test was used to identify the prevalence of Internet addiction, the purposes of Internet use, and their priority levels. Frequencies and level of mental health was measured using Mental health Battery by Singh and Gupta. Chi square test was applied and p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 100 students, 46 (male: 28, female: 18) were found to be slightly addicted, 53 students were average online users and only 01 male was severely addicted. There was no significant difference between male and female students in addiction level. However, males were more addicted than females. The major use of Internet was to communicate with friends and family and to watch songs and movies. 51 students used the Internet to assess information for their educational and learning activities. Some students with overuse of the Internet lead to insufficient sleep and affected their concentration levels in the class. Conclusion: Medical students experiencing problems due to Internet overuse and experiencing poor academic progress and lack of concentration while studying. The main use of the Internet was to communicate with friends and family and for entertainment.

scholarly journals Correlation of fracture depression area and dural tear among patients with depressed skull fracture

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-111
Keyword(s):  
Skull Fracture ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Dural Tear ◽  
Bone Thickness ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Depressed Skull Fracture ◽  
Depressed Fracture ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Depressed skull fracture means to have a fracture that has a depth of more than a bone thickness. Consequently, the force is very small to a blunt object, which is often seen in the frontoparietal region due to the low bone thickness in the area. On the other hand, tearing of the dura matter beneath the depressed fractures has a great value from the prognostic and surgical point of view. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the area of the depressed fracture and dural tear using computerized tomography scan at admission. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 40 patients who had been diagnosed with depressed skull fractures atImam Reza Educational Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,within2016-2017. The level of consciousness, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and symptoms on admission were evaluated for each patient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using studentchr('39')s t-test and Chi-square test for statistical analysis of parametric and nonparametric variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of the cases was obtained as 34/9±14/32 (18-60) years. The mean depressed fracture area (6/93±5/52) ranged from 0/79-19/63cm² (7.13±5.99) for the patients with dural tear and 6.93±5.66 for the ones with intact dura. The cut-off point for predicting dural tear was determined 6.92 cm² with 84% sensitivity. Conclusions: It was revealed that there was a significant correlation between the area of fracture depression and dural tear. Furthermore, in patients with dural tear, fracture depression level was considerably higher than that in patients with intact dura.

scholarly journals Prevalence of obesity in patients suffering from migraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4748
Author(s):  
Sidra J. Faruqi ◽  
Naila N. Shahbaz ◽  
Muhammad Yahya ◽  
Mehwish A. Butt ◽  
Faizan H. Memon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Primary Headaches ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weight Loss Interventions

Background: Migraine is one of the most common primary headaches, accounting for significant morbidity in patients suffering from it. An association between obesity and migraine has been documented in the past, despite some studies pointing to the contrary. Author’s purpose is to calculate the prevalence of obesity in migraine patients in order to contribute to the existing concepts. A positive correlation could lead to the employment of weight loss interventions in the management of obese patients with migraine.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 400 patients, recently diagnosed with migraine, attending the Neurology Outpatient Department at the Dr. Ruth KM Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi were enrolled after taking informed consent.  Migraine was diagnosed using International Classification of Headache Disorders III (ICHD III) criteria. Height (meters) and weight (kilograms) were measured and body mass index calculated. This data was kept confidential. The results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS version 19.  Continuous quantitative data were analyzed using chi square test. A p Value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The mean age of enrolled participants was 30.69±6.96 years, 204(51%) were >30 years of age, 159(39.8%) were male and 241(60.3%) were female, mean height was 1.55±0.1 meters, mean weight was 56.26±12.98 kg, and mean duration of migraine was 5.04±2.02 weeks. The prevalence of obesity in patients with migraine was 108 (27%).Conclusions: It was concluded that the prevalence of obesity in patients with migraine was 27%.

scholarly journals Breast Feeding Remains a Strong Protection against Infant Infections.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
Shagufta Sohail ◽  
Kaneez Fatima ◽  
Noshina Riaz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

Background: Breast feeding prevents infections in infants. Those who are partially or never breast-fed and receiving bottle feeds are at higher risk of infections as compared to exclusive breast-fed infants. The objectives of this study were to record the effect of exclusive breast feeding versus partial and never breast feeding on infections in infants and also to find an association of infection with type of feed, gestation and vaccination status in infants till six months of age.Material and Methods: A total of 500 Infants were included in this cross-sectional study. Information regarding pattern of feeding and infections was obtained by verbal interview of mother and the questionnaire was filled by the study physician. The outcome evaluated was infections in infants till one year of age. Categorical comparisons were made using chi square test. A ‘p’ value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Out of 500 infants, 59.4% were males. About 59.6% were exclusively breast-fed till 6 months of age, 31.2% were partially breast-fed and 9.2% were never breast-fed. In exclusively breast-fed group, 29.5% infants reported infections as compared to 40.4% in partial breast-fed group and 65.2% in never breast-fed infants (P < 0.000). Similarly, 40.6% of infants in exclusively breast-fed group, 55.1% in partial breast feed and 58.7% in the never breast-fed reported infections in 4-6 months of age, which was statistically significant (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in infection rates among the three study groups in 7-9 (P=0.192) and 10 -12 months (P=0.42) of age.Conclusions: Exclusive breast feeding till six months of age significantly reduces the risk of infections in infancy.

scholarly journals Cheiloscopy, Palatoscopy and Odontometrics in Sex Prediction and Dis-crimination - a Comparative Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagalaxmi V ◽  
Sridevi Ugrappa ◽  
Naga Jyothi M ◽  
Lalitha Ch ◽  
Kotya Naik Maloth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Mandibular Canine ◽  
Dental Traits

Background and Objectives: Human identification is the forensic odontologist’s primary duty in the fields like violent crime, child abuse, elder abuse, missing persons and mass disaster scenarios. In each context, dental traits may produce compelling evidence to aid victim identity, suspect identity and narrow down the outcome of investigative casework. Sometimes it becomes necessary to apply some least known and less popular techniques in identification procedure where lip prints, rugae patterns and canine odontometrics can give us comparatively valid conclusions pertaining to person’s identification. This study elucidates the significance of cheiloscopy, palatoscopy and canine odontometry in sex prediction and discrimination. Materials and Methods: A cross- sectional study involving a total of 60 subjects, 30 males and 30 females were selected from the outpatient department of oral medicine and radiology. Lip prints were recorded using lipstick, palatal impressions were taken with alginate and odontometric measurements were taken with digital vernier calipers from every subject. All the obtained records were analyzed by two observers. Results: Reliability of lip prints was assessed using Kappa coefficient. Comparison of rugae patterns was done using Chi-square test. Mean canine and inter canine width was compared using t test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Statistically significant difference was found with the different lip print patterns analyzed in males and females, while no significant difference was observed in the rugae patterns but a significant difference in the mesio-distal width of mandibular canines in males and females was found with right mandibular canine(3.73%) showing greater sexual dimorphism compared to left mandibular canine(3.06%). Conclusion: This study shows the uniqueness of the lip prints and rugae patterns with the lip prints showing sensitivity of 81.7% giving reliable prediction of sex over palatoscopy. Hence, cheiloscopy along with the canine odontometrics aid in sex determination and can be considered as an ancilliary forensic tool in identification.

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