scholarly journals Seapower, geostrategic relations, and islandness: The World War II Destroyers for Bases deal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Flint
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military

The Destroyers for Bases deal was signed on March 27, 1941, and transferred fifty aging US destroyers to Great Britain in exchange for 99-year leases of bases on the British controlled islands of Newfoundland, Bermuda, Trinidad, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Lucia, the Bahamas, and one in British Guiana. The deal highlights how US strategic planners came to see the value of the islands because of their relationality. Three forms of relationality are discussed: the land/sea dialectic; spatial connectivity; and the changing geopolitical balance of power. Relationality is a factor in four strategic calculations: other islands; other continents; other oceans; and the conjuncture of long-term historical processes of hegemonic decline and rise. The relationality of the islands is understood through the lens of seapower as both input (the military bases) and output (the projection of force). Media representations of the deal are discussed to illustrate how islandness was implicit in the narration of the islands as being of strategic benefit to the US. The conclusions drawn emphasize the need to see strategic and military actors as agents who are aware of and construct island relationality; and the need for islands to be included as one of the inputs of seapower.

II. Caspian Energy: Oil and Gas Resources and the Global Market

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-406
Author(s):  
Mehdi Parvizi Amineh ◽  
Henk Houweling
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
International System ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
The Military

AbstractThis article develops several concepts of critical geopolitics and relates them to the energy resources of the Caspian Region. Energy resources beyond borders may be accessed by trade, respectively by conquest, domination and changing property rights. These are the survival strategies of human groups in the international system. The article differentiates between demand-induced scarcity, supply-induced scarcity, structural scarcity and the creation, respectively, transfer of property rights. Together, the behaviors referred to by these concepts create a field of social forces that cross state borders involving state and a variety of non-state actors. During World War II, the US began to separate the military borders of the country from its legal-territorial borders. By dominating the world's oceans, the Anglo-Saxon power presided over the capacity to induce scarcity by interdicting maritime supplies to allies and enemies alike. Today, overland transport increasingly connects economies and energy supplies on the Eurasian continent. The US has therefore to go on land in order to pre-empt the land-based powers from unifying their economies and energy supplies.

Brothers in Arms?

2021 ◽  
pp. 344-369
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Home Front ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
Race War

Chapter 9 looks at what happened to the US military’s white-nonwhite lines as American troops moved overseas during World War II. Nonblack minorities faced both bright and blurry white-nonwhite lines when deployed abroad. At times, the military remained determined to uphold distinctions between whites, on the one hand, and Asian Americans, Latin Americans, and Native Americans, on the other. This determination, evident in everything from military justice proceedings to promotion patterns, stemmed primarily from long-standing civilian investments in these distinctions and in response to the vicious race war in the Pacific with Japan. At the same time, overseas service also witnessed the continued blurring of white-nonwhite lines—the transformation of “Mexicans,” “Puerto Ricans,” “Indians,” “Filipinos,” “Chinese,” and even “Japanese” into whites’ buddies and brothers, comrades and fellow Americans, deepening a process that had begun on the home front. While this overseas blurring often emanated from day-to-day battlefield bonding, it was America’s military leaders and commanders who largely made it possible. In doing so, they narrowed the white-nonwhite divide, but also deepened the black-white one in the process.

John Useem and Governance Operations

2018 ◽  
pp. 199-238
Author(s):  
Montgomery McFate
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Navy ◽  
Government Enterprise ◽  
The Military

This chapter concerns the wartime civil affairs experience of John Useem, a US Navy officer who became the military governor of a small island in Micronesia. While the post-World War II, military government established in Germany and Japan are often offered as examples of successful governance operations, the partially successful case of Micronesia better exemplifies the paradoxes at the heart of the military government enterprise. These issues which plagued the US military government in Micronesia, and which John Useem wrote about in the 1940s and 1950s, were the exact same issues that have plagued the intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq more than a half century later. What happens when the policy of democratization is incompatible with the existing social order? What happens when American social norms conflict with the society they intend to govern? What happens when the core principle of military government non-interference cannot be implemented in practice and outright contradicts the imperatives of ‘nation building’?

Edward M. Almond and the US Army

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
World War ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Greatest Generation ◽  
Virginia Military Institute ◽  
The Us ◽  
Military Institute ◽  
The Military

This biography examines the long career of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, who was born to a family of modest means in rural Virginia. His early education at the Virginia Military Institute, steeped him in Confederate lore and nurtured his “can do” attitude, natural aggressiveness, demanding personality and sometimes self-serving nature. These qualities later earned him the sobriquet “Sic’em, Ned,” which stuck with him for the remainder of his career. Almond commanded the African-American 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. The division failed in combat and was re-organized, after which it contained one white, one black, and the Army’s only Japanese-American (Nisei) regiment. The years since that war have seen the glorification of the “Greatest Generation,” with all racist notions and ideas “whitewashed” with a veneer of honor. When war came to Korea, Almond commanded X Corps in the Inchon invasion, liberation of Seoul, race to the Yalu. When the Chinese entered the war and sent the US Army into retreat, Almond mounted one of the largest evacuations in history at Hungnam -- but not before the disaster at Chosin claimed the lives of hundreds of soldiers and marines. This book reveals Almond as a man who stubbornly held onto bigoted attitudes about race, but also exhibited an unfaltering commitment to the military profession. Often viewed as the “Army’s racist,” Almond reflected the attitudes of the Army and society. This book places Almond in a broader context and presents a more complete picture of this flawed man yet gifted officer.

Science With a Vengeance: How the Military Created the US Space Sciences after World War II

1993 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 860-861
Author(s):  
David H. DeVorkin ◽  
Frank C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Space Sciences ◽  
The Military

scholarly journals Colonial empires and USA policy in the South-East Asia after the 1945

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-255
Author(s):  
Stanislav Gennadyevich Malkin ◽  
Sergey Olegovich Buranok ◽  
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Nesterov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Military

The following paper analyzes the characteristics of the US foreign policy decision-making process at the beginning of the Cold War, due to the active appeal of representatives of the political establishment, the military and the countrys expert community to the colonial experience of the European powers in terms of the prospects of applying their experience in ensuring colonial control in Southeast Asia before and after the end of the World War II as part of the US political course in this region. In addition, it is concluded that more attention should be paid to the role and, therefore, to the prosopographic profile of the experts (in the broad sense of the word), who collaborated with the departments responsible for the development of American foreign policy, such as the Department of State and the Pentagon, and formulated many of the conclusions, which, at least rhetorically, formed the basis of Washingtons course in Southeast Asia after 1945. Special attention is paid to interpretations of the role of colonial knowledge in the light of the unfolding Cold War in the third world, proposed by British diplomats and the military to their American colleagues in the logic of the special relations between Great Britain and the United States.

scholarly journals Militær og mindfulness. Refleksioner over en uhellig alliance

2015 ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Sita Kotnis
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Empirical Context ◽  
The Military ◽  
American Civil Society

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years, mindfulness has become a major resource in the US military. This has provoked substantial criticism in American civil society, not least within contemplative environments. Considered as an expression of underlying Western ideas of contemplation and spirituality, this criticism may offer crucial insights into mindfulness as a modern, secular phenomenon. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork this article presents the empirical context of current military uses and adaptations of contemplative practises. The article also seeks to open the field for a closer investigation of the various configurations of ’ethics’ and ’meaning’ that underlie the criticism of the military appropriation. Finally, the article points out that the study of the possible dark sides of mindfulness, i.e. the potential to enhance injurious and harmful practices, is an under-researched as well as under-theorized field.DANSK RESUME: I det amerikanske militær er mindfulness i de senere år blevet en central ressource. Dette har affødt en del kritik i det amerikanske civilsamfund, ikke mindst i kontemplative miljøer – en kritik, der anskuet som udtryk for underliggende, vestlige forestillinger om kontemplation og spiritualitet, måske kan fortælle os noget centralt om mindfulness som moderne, sekulært fænomen. Med afsæt i et længerevarende etnografisk feltarbejde redegør denne artikel for den empiriske kontekst bag den samtidige militære anvendelse af kontemplative praksisser. Artiklen søger også at åbne op for en nærmere udforskning af de konfigurationer af ’etik’ og ’mening’, der ligger til grund for kritikken af den militære appropriering. Endelig påpeges det, at studiet af mindfulness’ mulige skyggesider, i form af potentialet til at optimere skadevoldende praksisser, er et både under-researchet og under-teoretiseret felt.

English in South Korea: Applying the EIF Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-178
Author(s):  
Sofia Rüdiger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
South Korea ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Stabilization Phase ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Phase Phase

This chapter applies the EIF Model by Buschfeld and Kautzsch (2017) to the case of South Korea, where English has a special status due to the military involvement of the US after World War II, and where the desire for English is both strong and persistent. The continuing deployment of American soldiers to South Korea in combination with the factors of globalization and the global mobility of individuals contributes to a strong presence of English in the East Asian nation. This chapter proposes to add the factors of ‘presence of English in the linguistic landscape and within the L1’ as well as ‘cultural phenomena’ to the forces to be included in the EIF Model as these potentially influence further development of the respective variety. Consequently, English loanwords in Korean and the phenomenon of K-Pop are discussed from a World Englishes perspective. In the end, South Korea is placed between the stabilization (phase 2) and nativization phase (phase 3) of the EIF Model.

Dirty Details: Executing U.S. Soldiers During World War II

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Robert Lilly
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
World War ◽  
The Military

Research on military capital punishment is a neglected topic in criminology. This article is part of a long-term examination of the capital executions of U.S. soldiers, especially those of World War II. It briefly describes the crimes, defendants, and victims for 18 military executions that took place in England from 1943 to 1945, and it analyses the details of these executions and the burials that followed. The executions were ignominious and well organized mechanical rituals performed by soldiers who overall experienced only one execution. The executions became increasingly truncated events as the military became more familiar with them. After the current U.S. Supreme Court decides the constitutionality of this punishment in Loving v. U.S., 94-1996, military executions may resume after an absence of 35 years.

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