scholarly journals SOLARENERGY FUELS FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS: CASE STUDY OF SOUTHWEST COASTAL REGION OF BANGLADESH

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidul Huq
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Time Investment ◽  
Solar Home System

Electrification is one of the most crucial factors to ensure social and economic growth in Bangladesh. Being in a developing country, people from various districts of Bangladesh have been experiencing electricity crisis due to the increasing daily demand for power, which outweighs the supply of on-grid electricity. It is noted that about 30 percent of 160 million people, majority living in the rural areas are out of electricity connection in Bangladesh. Consequently, the shortage of energy hampers socioeconomic development and lowers living standards of people. Since, non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels and natural gas, the primary sources of energy production in Bangladesh, are limited, usage of renewable energy technology such as solar energy efficiently can satisfy the rising energy demand and in turn improve the existing energy shortage situation. This study found that Bangladesh has been implementing Solar Home System (SHS) programs that contribute in achieving the target to reach electricity to its every citizen by 2020. As of June 2017 a total of 262,515 households do have solar home systems from which an estimated 1.6 million people are benefitted. This article is written based on a research conducted in the districts of southwest coastal region of Bangladesh where a total of 5.1 million people live of which on an average 42.6 percent are poor and 24.9 percent are extreme poor. In-depth interviews, group discussions, key informant interviews, and household survey were used for collection of data to explore the impacts of SHS on the livelihoods of coastal people of Bangladesh. This research found that impacts of Solar Home System services are both immediate and long-term oriented. SHS program contributes enriching all kinds of livelihoods assets such as human, social, financial and physical of the SHS customers. The poor and extreme poor people of climate vulnerable villages of southwest coastal region of Bangladesh are benefited in different ways from SHS programs such as save daily expenditures for kerosene, doing income generating activities in evening hours by both male and female members of family, children sit for study regularly, women feel safety from lightening of house, they can charge cell phone, they have access to weather forecasting, their social status upgraded, and they save money because they do not need to pay bill for electricity. The SHS is one time investment and they customer can pay for SHS package in installments. As the SHS program approach is environment and poor people friendly, its impacts on livelihoods are found sustainable.

Moving ahead from Hydrogen to Methanol Economy: Scope and challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Sonthalia ◽  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Mukul Tomar ◽  
Edwin Geo V ◽  
Thiyagarajan S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Methanol Economy

Abstract Energy is the driver in the economic development of any country. It is expected that the developing countries like India will account for 25% hike in world-wide energy demand by 2040 due to the increase in the per capita income and rapid industrialization. Most of the developing countries do not have sufficient oil reserves and imports nearly all of their crude oil requirement. The perturbations in the crude oil price, sanctions on Iran and adverse environmental impacts from fossil fuel usage are some of the concern. Therefore, developing countries have started investing heavily in solar and wind power and are considering hydrogen as a future energy resource. Hydrogen is possibly the cleanest fuel and produces only water vapour upon combustion. However, to tap the potential of hydrogen as a fuel, an entirely new infrastructure will be needed for transporting, storing and dispensing it safely, which would be expensive. In the transportation sector, a liquid alternate to fossil fuels will be highly desirable as the existing infrastructure can be used with minor modifications. Amongst the possible liquid fuels, methanol is very promising. Methanol is a single carbon atom compound and can be produced from wide variety of sources such as natural gas, coal, and biomass. The properties of methanol are conducive for use in gasoline engines since it has high octane number and flame speed. Other possible uses of methanol are: as a cooking fuel in rural areas, and as a fuel for running the fuel cells. The present study reviews the limitations in the hydrogen economy and why moving towards methanol economy is more beneficial.

Perspective of Bioenergy in Pakistan for Sustainable Eco-Friendly Energy Substitute: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-605
Author(s):  
Ghulamullah Maitlo ◽  
Sikander Ali Abbasi ◽  
Rashid Mustafa Korai ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar Memon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Load Shedding ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
The Government ◽  
Energy Options

Pakistan has remained an energy deficient country for the last few decades. The supply of electricity decreased in 2002-2007 against the exponentially increasing demand in Pakistan. In the meantime, severe load shedding was started across Pakistan that negatively affected the economic growth of the country. More than 63% of the population in rural areas live without electricity. The government cut down electricity supply eight to twelve hours per day in terms of load shedding that adversely affects the living standards and economic growth of the nation. In the world, Pakistan stands on 133 regarding ranking in energy consumption. Energy usage per capita in Pakistan is 482 kilograms of oil equivalent per year (kgoe/a) which is very low when compared with the industrialized countries. Besides that Pakistan strongly adheres with non-renewable energy options to mollify its energy demand. The import of fossil fuels to meet energy demand adversely affects the economy of Pakistan. This review helps in the identification of indigenous available biomass resources and their conversion processes for power production to improve power generation, living standards and economy of the country. The application of indigenous biomass resources for electricity generation will reduce the pressure caused by increased demand for energy.

scholarly journals Energy Demand Elasticity in Pakistan: An Inter-temporal Analysis from Household Survey Data of PIHS 2001-02 and PSLM 2010-11

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
ASHFAQUE HASSAN KHAN ◽  
UMER KHALID ◽  
LUBNA SHAHNAZ
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Differential Pattern ◽  
Expenditure System ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Changes Over Time

This study analyses household consumption patterns of different forms of energy in Pakistan over two survey rounds (2001-02 and 2010-11), while comparison with an earlier study based on 1984-85 data extends the analysis over a 25 years horizon. Income elasticities of different types of fuels have been computed using the Extended Linear Expenditure System. The analysis shows a differential pattern of energy use across the urban and rural areas of the country as well as changes over time, with rural households spending proportionately more on fuels throughout this period.

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

scholarly journals Measuring Household Resilience to Cyclone Disasters in Coastal Bangladesh

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al-Maruf ◽  
J. Craig Jenkins ◽  
Amelie Bernzen ◽  
Boris Braun
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Coastal Bangladesh ◽  
Indicator Approach ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Social Safety Nets

The main objective of this paper is to measure the level of household resilience to cyclone and storm surges in the coastal area of Bangladesh. We draw on four general disaster frameworks in terms of addressing household-level resilience to cyclones and storm surges. We use a composite indicator approach organized around four components: (1) household infrastructure (HI); (2) household economic capacity (HEC); (3) household self-organization and learning (HSoL), and; (4) social safety nets (SSN). Drawing on a household survey (N = 1188) in nine coastal union parishads in coastal Bangladesh purposively selected as among the most vulnerable places in the world, we use principal components analysis applied to a standardized form of the survey data that identifies key household resilience features. These household index scores can be used for the assessment and monitoring of household capacities, training, and other efforts to improve household cyclone resilience. Our innovative methodological approach allows us to (a) identify patterns and reveal the underlying factors that accurately describe the variation in the data; (b) reduce a large number of variables to a much smaller number of core dimensions of household resilience, and (c) to detect spatial variations in resilience among communities. Aggregated to the community level, our new index reveals significant differences in community cyclone resilience in different areas of the coastal region. In this way, we can show that shoreline and island communities, in particular, have significant deficits in terms of household resilience, which seem to be mutually reinforcing one another and making for lower resilience.

scholarly journals Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Neha Mehta ◽  
Ahmed M. Elgarahy ◽  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Zulqarnain ◽  
Muhammad Ayoub ◽  
Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽  
Imtisal Zahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Oils ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

Solvent-Loaded Microspheres for Permeability Enhancement in Heavy Crude Oil Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz Yegin ◽  
Cenk Temizel ◽  
Mustafa Akbulut
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Recovery Factor ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Permeability Enhancement ◽  
Recovery Potential ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT With their abundancy and high-quality, it is predicted that fossil fuels will remain as the main resource that will meet the global energy demand in the several upcoming decades. Developments in hydrocarbon recovery technologies, both from conventional and unconventional reservoirs, have substantially contributed to the overall production levels in recent years. However, recovery factors obtained by using the current methods are still considered to be insufficient, and the companies have been looking for new materials and methods to enhance the efficiency and amount of recovery. One of the major issues related to low recovery factors is low permeability of reservoirs. Existence of blockages in pore throats and high level of heterogeneity lowers the mobility of hydrocarbons. In this study, we discuss development of an innovative material to be used as an additive in reservoir injection fluids to remove pore blockages in order to enhance the recovery levels. This additive material is made of pressure-sensitive microspheres loaded with solvents, which can (i) easily disperse in the injection fluid and travel to the low-permeability regions, (ii) break under pressure and confinement to release solvents, and (iii) remove blockages by targeting surroundings, especially asphalt-based particles and grains. This approach relies on the breakage of microcapsules in the confined region and release of the solvents to target blockages in porous media. In other words, the developed microspheres improve permeability of reservoirs as a result of pressure- and confinement-dependent breakage and release of solvents. Preparation of these microspheres was achieved by the encapsulation of solvent (toluene) emulsions in silica-based solid shells. Structure and stability of the solvent-loaded microspheres were examined using a variety of analytical techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). It was found that the prepared microspheres possessed smooth surfaces with shell thicknesses in the range of 100-150 nm. Additionally, sand column tests were performed to evaluate the recovery potential of injection fluids in presence of solvent-loaded microspheres. It was shown that the use of solvent encapsulated in microspheres doubled the recovery factor of heavy oil compared to that of free solvent dispersed in the injection fluid. Such enhancement in the recovery factor was related to the release of solvents in localized areas, i.e., confined regions, as a consequence of breakage of microspheres. This novel approach of delivering solvents to low-permeability regions provides a significant driving force to eliminate pore blockages to facilitate mobilization of hydrocarbons trapped in confined spaces.

Investigation on NiWO4/PANI Composite as Electrode Material for Energy Storage Devices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rajkumar ◽  
S Gowri ◽  
S Dhineshkumar ◽  
Princy Merlin Johnson ◽  
Anandaraj Sathiyan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electrode Material ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Storage Materials ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Pani Composite ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Inorganic Components

With the fast exhaustion of fossil fuels, the need for new energy storage materials to meet the world's massive energy demand has inclined tremendously. Inorganic components with conducting polymer based...

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