scholarly journals 3D ray launching simulation of urban vehicle to infrastructure radio propagation links

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fausto Lenin Granda ◽  
Leyre Azpilicueta ◽  
Darwin Aguilar ◽  
Cesar Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Vehicle To Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ray Launching

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) enable vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with roadside units (RSUs), and Smart Cities must be able to take advantage of its applications and benefits on transportation operations. In urban environments some propagation impairments as reflection from, diffraction around and transmission loss through objects gives rise temporal and spatial variation of path loss and multipath effects. This work evaluates some parameters of a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) wireless channel link such as large-scale path loss and multipath metrics in an urban scenario, using a deterministic 3D Ray-Launching (3D-RL) algorithm. Spatial analysis using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) at 868 MHz, 2.4 Ghz and 5.9 GHz is presented. Results show the impact of factors as: geometry, dielectric properties and relative position of the obstacles, placement of the RSU and frequency link, in the V2I communication. The 3D-RL simulation shows better representation of the propagation phenomena when compared with an analytical path loss model, mainly at special types of intersections as roundabouts and give insight of the importance of the spatial distance and scenario segmentation to get consistent results.

scholarly journals MEASUREMENTSBASEDEVALUATION OF PATHLOSSEXPONENTS IN URBAN OUTDOORENVIRONMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Akohoule Alex ◽  
◽  
Bamba Aliou ◽  
Kamagate Aladji ◽  
Konate Adama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Path Loss Exponent ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
The Impact

In wireless networks, propagation models are used to assess the received power signal and estimate the propagation channel. These models depend on the pathloss exponent (PLE) which is one of the main parameters to characterize the propagation environment. Indeed, in the wireless channel, the path loss exponent has a strong impact on the quality of the links and must therefore be estimated with precision for an efficient design and operation of the wireless network. This paper addresses the issue of path loss exponents estimation for mobile networks in four outdoor environments. This study is based on measurements carried out in four outdoor environments at the frequency of 2600 MHz within a bandwidth of 70 MHz. It evaluates the path loss exponent, and the impact of obstacles present in the environments. The parameters of the propagation model determined from the measurements show that the average power of the received signal decreases logarithmically with the distance. We obtained path loss exponents values of 4.8, 3.53, 3.6 and 3.99 for the site 1, site 2, site 3 and site 4, respectively. Clearly the density of the obstacles has an impact on the path loss exponents and our study shows that the received signal decrease faster as the transmitter and receiver separation in the dense environments.

A Generic Method for the Reliable Calculation of Large-Scale Fading in an Obstacle-Dense Propagation Environment

2013 ◽  
pp. 256-277
Author(s):  
Theofilos Chrysikos ◽  
Stavros Kotsopoulos ◽  
Eduard Babulak
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Shadow Fading ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Wireless Channel Modeling

The aim of this chapter is to summarize and present recent findings in the field of wireless channel modeling that provide a new method for the reliable calculation of the statistical parameters of large-scale variations of the average received signal (shadow fading). This algorithm is theoretically based on a path loss estimation model that incorporates losses due to walls and floors. This has been confirmed to be the most precise mathematical tool for average signal strength prediction for various frequencies of interest and propagation environments. The total path loss is estimated as a sum of two independent attenuation processes: free space loss and losses due to obstacles. This solution allows for a direct and reliable calculation of the deviation of the fluctuations of the average received signal in an obstacle-dense environment.

scholarly journals Characterization of Path Loss and Large-Scale Fading for Rapid Intervention Team Communication in Underground Parking Garages

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 2431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppe Van Brandt ◽  
Robbe Van Thielen ◽  
Jo Verhaevert ◽  
Tanja Van Hecke ◽  
Hendrik Rogier
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Propagation Channel ◽  
Parking Garage ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Parking Garages ◽  
Intervention Team

This paper reports the characterization of the 2.45-GHz-ISM-band radio wave propagation channel. Specifically, measurements were performed in an underground parking garage, with the aim of optimizing breadcrumb systems for a Rapid Intervention Team application. The effects of the high penetration loss and large reflections by the concrete reinforced building structure on the path loss and the large-scale fading were studied. Based on the analysis of the wireless channel, critical points for reliable communication between members of a Rapid Intervention Team were identified. In particular, attention was paid to dealing with large, spatially confined signal losses due to shadowing, the anticipation of corner losses and the ability of the system to operate on multiple floors.

scholarly journals Smart City as a Model for Sustainable Development of Territories

2021 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 05003
Author(s):  
Konstantin Semyachkov
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
City Model ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the impact of digital technologies on the sustainable development of ecological and economic systems. The main aspects that make the development of digital technologies especially relevant for environmental modernization and sustainable development are analyzed. It is shown that the large-scale use of digital technologies contributes to the development of new tools, models and methods of urban management. One of the promising areas for the development of the urban environment in these conditions is the concept of a smart city. Based on the analysis of research on the topic of smart cities, the effects of the use of the smart city model for the formation of the foundations of sustainable development of territories are noted.

scholarly journals Line-of-Sight Obstruction Analysis for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Network Simulations in a Two-Lane Highway Scenario

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taimoor Abbas ◽  
Fredrik Tufvesson
Keyword(s):  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Shadow Fading ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Car Following ◽  
Car Following Model ◽  
The Impact

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) the impact of vehicles as obstacles has largely been neglected in the past. Recent studies have reported that the vehicles that obstruct the line-of-sight (LOS) path may introduce 10–20 dB additional loss, and as a result reduce the communication range. Most of the traffic mobility models (TMMs) today do not treat other vehicles as obstacles and thus cannot model the impact of LOS obstruction in VANET simulations. In this paper the LOS obstruction caused by other vehicles is studied in a highway scenario. First a car-following model is used to characterize the motion of the vehicles driving in the same direction on a two-lane highway. Vehicles are allowed to change lanes when necessary. The position of each vehicle is updated by using the car-following rules together with the lane-changing rules for the forward motion. Based on the simulated traffic a simple TMM is proposed for VANET simulations, which is capable to identify the vehicles that are in the shadow region of other vehicles. The presented traffic mobility model together with the shadow fading path-loss model can take into account the impact of LOS obstruction on the total received power in the multiple-lane highway scenarios.

scholarly journals Can Smart City Policy Facilitate the Low-Carbon Economy in China? A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on Pilot City

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Shuangshuang Fan ◽  
Shengnan Peng ◽  
Xiaoxue Liu
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
City Policy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carbon Economy

This paper studies the impact of the implementation of smart city policy (SCP) on the development of low-carbon economy (LCE) in China. For this purpose, we developed a nonconvex meta-frontier data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to measure LCE and used the differences-in-difference (DID) analysis method in the econometric model to empirically analyze the impact of SCP on LCE, using the dataset of 230 cities from 2005 to 2018. The results show that the implementation of SCP can significantly improve the LCE of cities, and the dynamic effect test presents that the promotion of smart cities to low-carbon economy increases with time. In addition, SCP promotes the development of LCE by optimizing government functions and improving the efficiency of governance and the degree of implementation openness. But there is heterogeneity between different cities as follows: the implementation of SCP has a more significant effect on the promotion of LCE in central and western regions in China and large-scale cities and cities without strict environmental protection planning. Finally, the robustness test verifies the reliability of the experimental data again and puts forward conclusions and policy recommendations.

scholarly journals Transmission Capacity Characterization in VANETs with Enhanced Distributed Channel Access

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Xinxin He ◽  
Zhitong Huang ◽  
Yuefeng Ji
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Transmission Capacity ◽  
Ieee 802.11P ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Channel Access ◽  
Transmission Scheme

The traditional research on the capacity of the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) mainly lacks realistic models mimicking the behaviors of vehicles and the MAC protocol applied by IEEE 802.11p. To overcome these drawbacks, in this paper, the network transmission capacity analysis for VANETs is carried out from the perspective of the spatial geometric relationship among different vehicles. Specifically, the transmission scheme in this system is set to mimic enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) protocol, in which the division of priorities is taken into account both the data type and the transmission distance requirement. Meanwhile, the moving pattern of vehicles is described as the classic car-following model according to realistic characteristics of VANET, and the propagation channel is modeled as a combination of large-scale path-loss and small-scale Rayleigh fading. Based on this model, the transmission opportunity under EDCA protocol is quantified and compared with that of CSMA/CA, and then the outage probability is calculated under the worst interfered scenario. Finally, the transmission capacity is thereby calculated and verified by the simulation results.

scholarly journals LEVERAGING MATURITY ASSESSMENT TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT APPLICATIONS FOR SMART CITIES: TURKEY’S APPROACH

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-4/W3-2020 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
H. Bayraktar ◽  
D. Y. Bayar ◽  
B. Kara ◽  
G. Bilgin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Maturity Assessment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Cities are facing numerous challenges because of the unprecedented growth of population all over the world. In this context, smart city stands out as a viable option to improve quality of life. Smart city, with its ability to transform the information into economic, social and environmental benefits, offers acquisitions in the fields of sustainable development, competitiveness and environmental sustainability. However, the cost of implementing and maintaining smart city applications on a large scale reveals the necessity to choose the right smart city application at the beginning of smart city transformation. In order to determine which smart city application should be used in smart city domain, the current situation and needs of the city should be analysed effectively. Maturity assessment can be used as a tool to understand the existing conditions of a city. In this study, Turkey's smart city approach will be addressed and Smart City Maturity Assessment Model of Turkey will be introduced with the preparation and implementation process. Consequently, the impact of the Smart City Maturity Assessment Model on selection of smart city applications will be discussed with the result of maturity assessment which is implemented on 4 cities of Turkey.

scholarly journals Outage Analysis of Distributed Antenna Systems in a Composite Fading Channel with Correlated Shadowing

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Haejoon Jung
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Multiple Antennas ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Distributed Antenna Systems ◽  
Correlated Shadowing ◽  
Distributed Antenna ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antenna Systems

Distributed antenna systems (DASs) are known to be effective to enhance coverage, spectral efficiency, and reliability in mobile communication systems. Because multiple antennas are physically separated in space, DASs benefit from both micro- and macro-diversity, which makes DASs significantly more robust compared to conventional co-located antenna systems in fading channels. However, when multiple antennas are not dispersed enough, there exists a certain degree of correlation in large-scale fading (shadowing), which degrades the macro-diversity gain. In practice, various measurements indicate a high degree of correlation of shadowing in DASs. However, most of the previous studies on DASs have not considered the correlated shadowing and its corresponding performance loss. Motivated by this limitation, we analyze the impact of the correlated shadowing to better evaluate DAS-based schemes with dual diversity transmitters. Assuming that shadowing correlation is an exponentially decreasing function of the inter-element separation, we derive the outage probability of DAS in composite Rayleigh-lognormal shadowing channels. Also, we present numerical and simulation results, which indicate there exists an optimal inter-separation between antennas that minimizes the outage rate to balance a trade-off between macro-diversity and path loss.

scholarly journals Address Assignment in Indoor Wireless Networks Using Deterministic Channel Simulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Edgar Holleis ◽  
Christoph Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Graph Matching ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Weighted Graph ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Channel Simulation ◽  
High Level

A crucial step during commissioning of wireless sensor and automation networks is assigning high-level node addresses (e.g., floor/room/fixture) to nodes mounted at their respective location. This address assignment typically requires visiting every single node prior to, during, or after mounting. For large-scale networks it also presents a considerable logistical effort. This paper describes a new approach to automatically assign high-level addresses without visiting every node. First, the wireless channel is simulated using a deterministic channel simulation in order to obtain node-to-node estimates of path loss. Next, the channel is measured by a precommissioning test procedure on the live network. In a third step, results from measurements and simulation are condensed into graphs and matched against each other. The resulting problem, identified as weighted graph matching, is solved heuristically. Viability of the approach and its performance is demonstrated by means of a publicly available test data set, which the algorithm is able to solve flawlessly. Further points of interest are the conditions that lead to high quality address assignments.

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