Egg Donation in Art. Legal and Logical Arguments

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 40-40
Author(s):  
Emma Capulli ◽  
◽  
Elvira Passaro ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Egg Donation ◽  
Ethical Reflection ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Legal Provision ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Art Industry

"The procuring of eggs and compensatory measures for donors today present unresolved ethical and conceptual issues, which fuel the growth of the assisted reproductive technology (ART) industry. The speech proposes a problematization of the phenomenon from a legal point of view, supported by a rhetorical-argumentative analysis of the legal institutions. The legal provision of oocytes admits the only donation. It was deduced by analogy from the legislative provisions of available of organs and tissues (law no. 458 of 1967; law no. 301 of 1993; law no. 91 of 1999; law no. 483 of 1999), which provides for the balance between impairment of the psycho-physical sphere and goods that benefit from it. Is this balance comparable to the available of oocytes? Or does it need an autonomous redefinition? The various national regulations show that in Europe the term donation includes not only solutions of substantial gratuity, but also various forms of compensation. On one side this shows the fragility of the definition of donation, rhetorically constructed through the Aristotelian argument of the dissociation between reimbursement and remuneration, and on the other it makes clear the need to use logical-argumentative tools to disclose the criterion of hierarchization of values in game. It remains to be understood how ethical reflection, led by an argumentative legal analysis, can provide the tools to improve the functioning of a system that seems to render donors’ rights unfit for use. "

scholarly journals Legal aspect of social entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 08071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uliana Filatova ◽  
Nina Semeryanova ◽  
Svetlana Suslova ◽  
Alena Gabudina ◽  
Anna Kopytova
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article discusses the main issues of definition of social entrepreneurship, both from economic and legal point of view. Since Russian legislature is only at the beginning of the way to create legal framework for activities, legislation on social entrepreneurship seems fragmentary and inconsistent. All of that adversely affects development of social entrepreneurship. Official city statistics (Nizhnevartovsk) show that less than a third of all entrepreneurs are interested in this type of activity; entrepreneurs who already have business in the field of social entrepreneurship mostly do not plan to expand current activities in this area. Analysis can contribute to creation of developed socio-economic relations in Russia. It can be achieved by building effective relations between social entrepreneurs and beneficiaries on the one hand, and also between social entrepreneurs and the state on the other.

84 MARKERS OF DNA METHYLATION IN OVINE UTERO–PLACENTAL TISSUES DURING EARLY PREGNANCY: EFFECTS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
A. T. Grazul-Bilska ◽  
M. L. Johnson ◽  
P. P. Borowicz ◽  
D. A. Redmer ◽  
L. P. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Natural Breeding ◽  
De Novo Methylation

Compromised pregnancies can be caused by genetic, epigenetic, environmental and/or other factors. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) may have profound effects on placental and fetal development, leading eventually to compromised pregnancy. DNA methylation, regulated by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt) and other factors, plays an important role during embryonic, including placental, development. Altered DNA methylation in the trophoblast and, subsequently, the placenta has been reported for compromised pregnancies and may contribute to embryonic/fetal loss. Little is known, however, about DNA methylation processes in placental tissues during early stages of normal or compromised pregnancies in any species. Thus, we hypothesised that ART would affect the expression of 5 methylcytosine (5mC; a marker of global methylation) and mRNA for Dnmt1, 3a and 3b in utero-placental tissues during early pregnancy in sheep. Pregnancies (n = 7 per group) were achieved through natural breeding (NAT, control), or transfer of embryos generated through natural breeding (NAT-ET), in vitro fertilization (IVF) or in vitro activation (IVA; parthenogenetic clones). On Day 22 of pregnancy, caruncle (CAR; maternal placenta) and fetal membranes (FM; fetal placenta) were snap-frozen separately for RNA extraction followed by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, cross sections of gravid uterus were fixed and then used for immunohistochemical detection and image analysis of 5 mC in FM. In FM, expression of mRNA for Dnmt3a was ∼2-fold greater (P < 0.01) in IVA compared with the other groups and was similar in NAT, NAT-ET and IVF groups. Expression of 5 mC was ∼2- to 3-fold greater (P < 0.02) in IVF and IVA than in NAT. In CAR, mRNA expression for Dnmt1 was ∼1.5-fold greater (P < 0.04) in IVA compared with the other groups, but Dnmt3a expression was less (P < 0.04) in NAT-ET and IVA than NAT. Expression of mRNA for Dnmt1 in FM and 3b in FM and CAR was similar in all groups. In IVA and/or IVF pregnancy, increased expression of Dnmt3a mRNA and/or 5 mC in FM may indicate de novo methylation in the fetal placenta. Furthermore, in pregnancies created through ART, decreased expression of Dnmt3a in CAR may indicate reduced de novo methylation in maternal placenta. Thus, in sheep, ART may have specific effects on growth and function of utero-placental and fetal tissues through regulation of DNA methylation and likely other mechanisms. These data provide a foundation for determining the basis for altered DNA methylation of specific genes in placental and embryonic tissues in compromised pregnancies. In addition, these data will help us to better understand placental regulatory mechanisms in compromised pregnancies and to identify strategies for rescuing such pregnancies. Supported by Hatch Project ND01712; USDA grant 2007-01215 to LPR and ATGB, NIH grant HL64141 to LPR and DAR and NSF-MRI-ARRA grant to ATGB.

scholarly journals SEMANTICS OF THE VERBALITY ЖИТЬ IN RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF UDMURTIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-235
Author(s):  
E.A. Zhdanova
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of semantic features that are noted in the verb жить in Russian dialects of Udmurtia. As the analysis of the material of the corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia showed, this verb is found in contexts indicating values different from those known in the literary language. In connection with the need to clarify the layout of the corpus and create a dictionary of Russian dialects in Udmurtia, a definition of the semantics of this verb is required. The semantic features of a dialect word can be established both by linguistic factors: the syntactic role and lexical compatibility, as well as extralinguistic factors: the range of specific uses of the verb, historical information about the settlement of this territory, religious and ideological features of dialect speakers. For analysis, material from various lexicographic sources, as well as etymological information, was used. As a result of the study, an idea about the possibility of double interpretation of the semantics of the analyzed dialect word was formed: on the one hand, from the point of view of its implementation in dialect, as a syncretic unit, on the other hand, from the point of view of its lexicographic representation, as a set of lexical-semantic variants.

The Liability for Food Product in the Polish Legal System

2009 ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
Marek Stanko
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Definition Of

- A precise definition of the principles and basis of the food product liability is included in an unusually broad scope of the food safety subject matter. Having regard to the whole set of Polish legal tools for food safety, the reader's attention was focused on civil-legal aspects of producer's liability for harm caused by food product's defect. The idea of the article, however, was not exclusively a detailed legal analysis of Polish legal solutions within this subject matter, but mainly an attempt to interpret these regulations which arouse most doubts in the Polish practice, especially from the point of view of their compliance with the Community regulations. The legal harmonization is undoubtedly of crucial importance in this sphere. It needs emphasizing that the majority of essential legal issues related to the subject matter of food safety as formulated in the Community law has been reflect119 ed in the Polish legislation. Currently this subject matter is regulated on the Polish legal area by the act of 25 August 2006 about the safety of food and feeding. It can be claimed, however, that the regulation of the liability for harm caused by unsafe product (comprising also the notions of agricultural produce and food product) in the Polish legislation complies with the requirements of the Community law. The shortcomings pointed out in the course of considerations absolutely do not allow to conclude that the objective of harmonization has not been achieved. This does not eliminate, however, the necessity to bring about changes postulated in the course of legislative considerations. In the Polish doctrine it is stressed that from theoretical, dogmatic point of view especially the new regime of liability for unsafe product (comprising agricultural produce and food product) should constitute a facilitation for claims to be made by the harmed person. It will, however, be the judicial practice which will decide about its legal efficiency.Parole chiave: responsabilitĂ  civile, prodotto alimentare, rischio di sviluppo e progresso.Key words: Liability, Food Product, Risk of Development and Progress.

The Minimum of Sulfur Required for Vulcanization. A Résumé

1932 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-295
Author(s):  
G. Bruni
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Fundamental Difficulty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exact Definition

Abstract The problem of the minimum proportion of sulfur necessary to effect vulcanization is fundamental to an interpretation of the very nature of vulcanization itself. Since the introduction of ultra-accelerators, it has been recognized that very small quantities of sulfur are sufficient to bring about vulcanization. In experiments carried out in 1918 in collaboration with G. Menghi in the Laboratory of Chemical and Physical-Chemical Research of the Pirelli Company of Milan, the author found that by the aid of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate or of similar substances there is an appreciable vulcanization with 0.2 per cent of sulfur. This fact was made public in patents applied for by the author the next year. On the other hand, it is generally recognized today that all vulcanization originates in a chemical reaction, though a fundamental difficulty lies in the fact that it has never been possible to give an exact definition of what is meant by vulcanization. When is a rubber considered vulcanized? From a technical point of view this question may be answered, but there has not been a satisfactory explanation up to this time.

Two Kinds of Soft Facts

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro De Florio ◽  
Aldo Frigerio
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Contingents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Divine Knowledge ◽  
Soft Fact ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of soft facts is crucial for the Ockhamistic analysis of the divine knowledge of future contingents; moreover, this notion is important in itself because it concerns the structure of the facts that depend—in some sense—on other future facts. However, the debate on soft facts is often flawed by the unaware use of two different notions of soft facts. The facts of the first kind are supervenient on temporal facts: By bringing about a temporal fact, the agent can bring about these facts. However, on the one hand, the determination of the existence of these facts does not affect the past; on the other hand, assimilating divine knowledge into this kind of facts does not help the Ockhamist. The authors will argue that, to vindicate Ockhamism, another definition of “soft fact” is necessary, which turns out to be much more demanding from a metaphysical point of view.

scholarly journals Environmental law and the essence of separation of prisoners sentenced to imprisonment: structural analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 12006
Author(s):  
Yulia Golovastova ◽  
Ludmila Prikhozhaya
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Functional Connection ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

The article examines existing approaches and different opinions of scholars-penitentiaries regarding the legal nature of separation of prisoners sentenced to imprisonment. The legal analysis of positions of scholars in the field of criminal executive law, who investigated the essence of separation of prisoners sentenced to imprisonment in various aspects, made it possible to highlight following approaches: 1) principle of institution of execution of punishment in the form of imprisonment; 2) means of ensuring the regime; 3) condition for implementation of principle of differentiation; 4) special classification issue; 5) type of classification; 6) intrageneric institution; 7) criminal-executive means of preventing crimes in correctional institutions. The authors come to the conclusion that separation of convicts is an inter-sectoral institution (in a broad sense), and also belongs to the category of internal penal means (in a narrow sense). Arguing this point of view, the general constant and special features of legal institutions and legal means and their application to the subject of research are considered. The authors identify and substantiate the main tasks of separation of prisoners and its functions, which are an external manifestation of its essence and determine the social and legal purpose, functional connection with other phenomena. As a result of study of the legal nature, the author’s definition of separate maintenance of those sentenced to imprisonment is proposed, its goals are highlighted and argued.

Materialistic Psychiatry [Materialistische Psychiatrie]. (Monats. f. Psych. und Neur., Bd. ix, H. 1, 1901.) Juliusburger, Otto

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (200) ◽  
pp. 162-162
Author(s):  
W. H. B. Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Physical Phenomenon ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Animal Psychology ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Dr. Weygandt, in an article entitled “Psychology and Cerebral Anatomy in Special Relation to Modern Phrenology,” which appeared in Die Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, made the statement that the only true basis for the study of psychiatry is the acceptance of the doctrine of psycho-physical parallelism, and quotes Wundt's definition of this parallelism in support. Dr. Juliusburger feels it his duty to pen a somewhat indignant and scornful reply, and points out, in the first place, that whereas in 1863 Wundt, in his lectures, treated human and animal psychology from a monistic point of view, it is only in later years (1892) that he took up his dualistic standpoint of a psycho-physical parallelism, according to which, although with every psychical act there is a co-existent physical phenomenon, nevertheless these two manifestations are entirely independent of each other and have no causal relationship. Dr. Weygandt agrees with Ebbinghaus that mind and brain are not separable entities—the one a product of the other—but they are an actual combination, varying only according to the point of view from which we regard their manifestations; when viewed from within, these phenomena are psychical, when from without, physical.

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