scholarly journals Geological and Engineering Classification Systems of Mudrocks

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer Al-Rawas ◽  
Tariq Cheema ◽  
Mohammed Al-Aghbari
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Slake Durability Index ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Engineering Projects

Mudrocks are a diverse group of very fine-grained argillaceous sedimentary rocks that are frequently encountered in most types of engineering projects. Upon excavation, the release of overburden stress and changes in the moisture content may cause certain apparently well indurated mudrocks to slake, producing a soil-like material. Because many mudrocks are nondurable, they have gained a reputation as problematic soft rocks. Geologists and engineers are confronted with the problem of selecting adequate parameters for accurately evaluating engineering behavior of mudrocks. The use of a single parameter (e.g. grain-size) is never considered to be enough and a combination of several parameters are normally preferred for the classification of mudrocks. Compressive strength, slake durability index, plasticity characteristics, swelling potential, absorption and density are some of the parameters that had been used by several investigators in the past. In order to overcome this problem, considerable research attention has recently been devoted to the use of geological properties (grain size, clay content and clay composition, texture, fracture frequency, degree of lamination, etc.) in conjunction with the engineering characteristics for classification purposes. This paper describes the origin and occurrence of mudrocks, and their different types of classification tests and systems.

A geological approach toward developing a mudrock-durability classification system

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C. Dick ◽  
Abdul Shakoor ◽  
Neil Wells
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Slake Durability Index ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Degree Of Consolidation ◽  
Clay Mineral Composition

Relationships between durability and lithologic characteristics of 61 mudrock samples from North America were investigated with the objective of developing a mudrock-durability classification based on lithologic characteristics. Second-cycle slake-durability index (Id2) was used as a measure of durability, whereas clay content, clay-mineral composition, texture, microfracture frequency, absorption, adsorption, dry density, void ratio, and Atterberg limits were used to characterize mudrock lithology. Based upon the amount of clay-size material, the presence or absence of laminations, and the degree of induration, the mudrocks were subdivided into claystones, mudstones, siltstones, shales, and argillites. The relationships between durability and lithologic characteristics were investigated separately for each class of mudrocks. The results show that different lithologic characteristics best correlate with the durability of each class of mudrocks. The durability of claystones correlates best with the amount of expandable clay minerals and that of mudstones with the frequency of microfractures. The degree of consolidation, as expressed by absorption, influences the durability of both siltstones and shales. The durability of argillites is related to their crystalline texture. Lithologic characteristics can be quantitatively related to a durability classification proposed herein that recognizes three classes of durability: low (Id2 < 50%), medium (Id2 = 50%–85%), and high (Id2 > 85%). Key words : mudrock, durability, lithologic characteristics, classification.

scholarly journals Number-based noun classification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kouneli
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Singular Number ◽  
Functional Projection ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Descriptive Term ◽  
Complicated System ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Nilo-Saharan languages are well-known for their complicated system of nominal number marking, which features a variety of singulative and plural affixes (Dimmendaal 2000). Even though these systems have received some attention in the typological literature, there has been limited theoretical work on their implications for the morphosyntax of number cross-linguistically. The goal of this paper is to fill this gap, by providing an analysis of nominal number morphology in Kipsigis (Nilotic, Kenya), based on data from original fieldwork. First, I show that singulatives in Kipsigis are true allomorphs of singular number, unlike singulatives with a classifier function in languages like Ojibwe (Mathieu 2012). The descriptive term ‘singulative’ is therefore misleading, as it corresponds to two very different types of morphemes. Second, I claim that the tripartite system of number marking of Kipsigis and other Nilo-Saharan languages is due to the classification of nouns into morphosyntactic classes defined by the presence of inherent number features on little n; the interaction of these features with interpretable number features on the functional projection Num (Ritter 1991 a.o.) in the post-syntactic component gives rise to the exponence pattern that we observe. Finally, my analysis corroborates the existence of noun classification based on number, which has only been argued for Kiowa-Tanoan before (Harbour 2007). The existence of three number classes in Kipsigis can only be explained by reference to bivalent number features; number-based noun classification systems thus strongly support the view that number features are bivalent and not privative, which is also argued by Harbour (2007, 2011) for Kiowa.

scholarly journals Autonomous Interpretation of the Microstructure of Steels and Special Alloys

2019 ◽  
Vol 949 ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Mulewicz ◽  
Grzegorz Korpala ◽  
Jan Kusiak ◽  
Ulrich Prahl
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Steel Microstructure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Steel Grades

The main objective of presented research is an attempt of application of techniques taken from a dynamically developing field of image analysis based on Artificial Intelligence, particularly on Deep Learning, in classification of steel microstructures. Our research focused on developing and implementation of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) for classification of different types of steel microstructure photographs received from the light microscopy at the TU Bergakademie, Freiberg. First, brief presentation of the idea of the system based on DCNN is given. Next, the results of tests of developed classification system on 8 different types (classes) of microstructure of the following different steel grades: C15, C45, C60, C80, V33, X70 and carbide free steel. The DCNN based classification systems require numerous training data and the system accuracy strongly depend on the size of these data. Therefore, created data set of numerous micrograph images of different types of microstructure (33283 photographs) gave the opportunity to develop high precision classification systems and segmentation routines, reaching the accuracy of 99.8%. Presented results confirm, that DCNN can be a useful tool in microstructure classification.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Hand-Crafted Image Descriptors vs. Off-the-Shelf CNN-Based Features for Colour Texture Classification under Ideal and Realistic Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Bello-Cerezo ◽  
Francesco Bianconi ◽  
Francesco Di Maria ◽  
Paolo Napoletano ◽  
Fabrizio Smeraldi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Texture Classification ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Image Descriptors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Imaging Conditions

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have brought spectacular improvements in several fields of machine vision including object, scene and face recognition. Nonetheless, the impact of this new paradigm on the classification of fine-grained images—such as colour textures—is still controversial. In this work, we evaluate the effectiveness of traditional, hand-crafted descriptors against off-the-shelf CNN-based features for the classification of different types of colour textures under a range of imaging conditions. The study covers 68 image descriptors (35 hand-crafted and 33 CNN-based) and 46 compilations of 23 colour texture datasets divided into 10 experimental conditions. On average, the results indicate a marked superiority of deep networks, particularly with non-stationary textures and in the presence of multiple changes in the acquisition conditions. By contrast, hand-crafted descriptors were better at discriminating stationary textures under steady imaging conditions and proved more robust than CNN-based features to image rotation.

scholarly journals Classification of Distal Radius Physeal Fractures Not Included in the Salter-Harris System

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos K Sferopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Distal Radius ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Physeal Bar ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Salter Harris ◽  
Growth Abnormalities ◽  
Physeal Fractures

Introduction : The most commonly used classification for pediatric physeal fractures has been proposed by Salter and Harris. Among the most suitable classification schemes are those proposed by Ogden and Peterson who added several new types of injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine the value of both schemes to classify all different types of physeal injuries of the distal radius that are not included in the Salter-Harris system and to test a new nomenclature to classify and guide treatment for the whole spectrum of these injuries. Methods : A total of 292 children who were admitted for a physeal fracture of the distal radius that could not be classified according to the Salter-Harris system were identified from the hospital database. All radiographs were carefully examined and classified according to the existing classifications of Ogden and Peterson and a modified classification scheme. The results of the treatment were also evaluated. Results : Ninety-six physeal injuries could not be classified using the classification schemes of Ogden and Peterson. All injuries could be classified in five types using the new, modified nomenclature. Growth abnormalities of the distal radius were evaluated after an average follow-up time of 11 years. Growth arrest due to a physeal bar was detected only in one patient. Discussion : The proposed modified scheme is practical, incorporates all previous classification systems, allows classification of all physeal injuries of the distal radius that are not included in the Salter-Harris system and may assist comparison of treatment outcomes.

scholarly journals “Here Are the Rules: Ignore All Rules”: Automatic Contradiction Detection in Spanish

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3060
Author(s):  
Robiert Sepúlveda-Torres ◽  
Alba Bonet-Jover ◽  
Estela Saquete
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Detection ◽  
External Knowledge ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Future Work

This paper tackles automatic detection of contradictions in Spanish within the news domain. Two pieces of information are classified as compatible, contradictory, or unrelated information. To deal with the task, the ES-Contradiction dataset was created. This dataset contains a balanced number of each of the three types of information. The novelty of the research is the fine-grained annotation of the different types of contradictions in the dataset. Presently, four different types of contradictions are covered in the contradiction examples: negation, antonyms, numerical, and structural. However, future work will extend the dataset with all possible types of contradictions. In order to validate the effectiveness of the dataset, a pretrained model is used (BETO), and after performing different experiments, the system is able to detect contradiction with a F1m of 92.47%. Regarding the type of contradictions, the best results are obtained with negation contradiction (F1m = 98%), whereas structural contradictions obtain the lowest results (F1m = 69%) because of the smaller number of structural examples, due to the complexity of generating them. When dealing with a more generalistic dataset such as XNLI, our dataset fails to detect most of the contradictions properly, as the size of both datasets are very different and our dataset only covers four types of contradiction. However, using the classification of the contradictions leads us to conclude that there are highly complex contradictions that will need external knowledge in order to be properly detected and this will avoid the need for them to be previously exposed to the system.

Classification and Identification Properties of Soils

2015 ◽  
pp. 116-179
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Index Properties ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Highway Transportation ◽  
Density Index

Soil texture and soil structure are both unique properties of soil that have profound effects on their behavior. The index properties commonly used for coarse-grained soils are grain size distribution and relative density. Index properties of fine-grained soils include consistency and sensitivity. These properties of a soil indicate the type and conditions of the soil and provide a relationship to its structural properties such as strength, compressibility, permeability, swelling potential, etc. Brief descriptions of some of these properties are given in this chapter. Towards the end, the chapter shows how these properties can be used for the classification of soils. The Soil Classification Systems considered include the following: Geological and Pedological Classification Systems (Classification by Origin and by Pedology), Morphological Classification Systems (Classification by Appearance and Textural Soil Classification System [USDA]), and Classification by Use (American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials System [AASHTO] and Unified Soil Classification System [USCS]).

Dispersal and Geochemistry of Surface Sediments in Halls Bay, North-Central Newfoundland: Application to Mineral Exploration

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1346-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Slatt
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Grain Size Effect ◽  
North Central ◽  
Sediment Dispersal ◽  
Fine Grained

Surficial palimpsest sediments in Halls Bay, north-central Newfoundland, are mixtures of gravel, sand, and mud deposited from a number of sources in varying quantities from late Wisconsinan to the present time. Shallow water gravel originated as till and glacio-fluvial outwash. Gravel in deep water probably is ice-rafted. Sand and mud, which occurs with shallow water gravel and in deeper water, is a combination of fluvial material and material winnowed out of till and outwash by shallow water waves and currents during early marine transgression. There also may be a contribution of fine-grained sediment from the adjacent shelf.Gravel (coarser than [Formula: see text]), very fine sand (3 to [Formula: see text]) and coarse silt (4 to [Formula: see text]) modal grain-size classes predominate in the sediments. The very fine sand mode occurs on the west side of the inlet and the coarse silt mode occurs on the east side regardless of water depth, indicating net or active easterly dispersal of fine-grained sediment. This dispersal path may result from the presence in Halls Bay of a counterclockwise gyre of the Labrador Current that has developed since early transgression, which suggests the sediment surface is adjusting to the Halls Bay modern hydraulic regime.Sandy and muddy sediments are composed of quartz, feldspar, amphibole, illite, chlorite, montmorillonite, organic matter, CaCO3, and FeS. Major, minor, and trace element concentrations vary with grain-size, owing to the different proportions of these components in different size fractions. Calculation of an average chemical composition of sediments is biased because of this grain-size effect. The grain-size effect on chemistry of a suite of sediments can be accounted for by ratioing element concentrations to clay content.Plots of the ratio trace metal concentration/clay content vs. clay content for six trace metals indicate anomalous Cu concentrations occur in surface sediments along the east side of Halls Bay in the direction of fine-grained sediment dispersal. The anomalous Cu is derived from onshore mineralization in Lushs Bight Group volcanic rocks, which Occur along the west side of the inlet.The results provide an example of the applicability of marine sedimentologic/sedimentary geochemical investigations to mineral exploration. Local geochemical anomalies in sediments can be detected by routine analysis of total metal content of bulk samples provided the grain-size effect on chemistry is accounted for. The anomalous metal can be traced to its onshore source by evaluating sediment dispersal paths from textural variations.

Dual stain kit for the microscopic gram classification of ocular infection bacteria

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Hanker ◽  
Dale N. Holdren ◽  
Kenneth L. Cohen ◽  
Beverly L. Giammara
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Keratitis and conjunctivitis (infections of the cornea or conjunctiva) are ocular infections caused by various bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites; bacteria, however, are usually prominent. Systemic conditions such as alcoholism, diabetes, debilitating disease, AIDS and immunosuppressive therapy can lead to increased susceptibility but trauma and contact lens use are very important factors. Gram-negative bacteria are most frequently cultured in these situations and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most usually isolated from culture-positive ulcers of patients using contact lenses. Smears for staining can be obtained with a special swab or spatula and Gram staining frequently guides choice of a therapeutic rinse prior to the report of the culture results upon which specific antibiotic therapy is based. In some cases staining of the direct smear may be diagnostic in situations where the culture will not grow. In these cases different types of stains occasionally assist in guiding therapy.

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