scholarly journals Study of Date Palm Stem as Raw Material in Preparation of Activated Carbon

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Houache ◽  
R. Al-Maamari ◽  
B. Al-Rashidi ◽  
B. Jibril
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Carbon Adsorbent ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Surface Areas

Activated carbon adsorbent was prepared using Omani date palm tree stem as a precursor. Precursor samples were subjected to thermal treatment (at 400, 500 and 600 oC) before or after impregnation with either H3PO4 (85 wt %) or KOH (3 wt %). The activated carbon obtained was characterized by BET (surface area and porosity), Gas Pycnometry (true density) and SEM (texture). Sample subjected to carbonization, without chemical activation, exhibited low surface areas ~ 1.0 m2/g at 400 and 500 oC and 124 m2/g at 600 oC. Further treatment of such samples with either the acid or the base did not show improvement in surface area or other properties. Impregnations of the precursor with acid before carbonization significantly improved the surface area to as high as 1,100 m2/g at a carbonization temperature of 500 oC. Thus, activated carbon with a moderate surface area could be produced from date palm stem using low carbonization temperature. 

Phosphoric Acid Effect on Prepared Activated Carbon from Saudi Arabia’s Date Frond Waste

2011 ◽  
Vol 110-116 ◽  
pp. 2124-2130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahim Yacob ◽  
Hassan M. Al Swaidan
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Palm Tree

High surface area activated carbon has always fascinated researchers for its application as adsorbent, for water purification, medical and industrial. Date is the major export of Saudi Arabia, while tons of date foliar and fronds are troublesome and yet to be disposed. Transforming this waste into usable activated carbon can be a good idea for recycling, sustainable and green chemistry. In this study, date tree frond is selected to prepare activated carbon, while the effect of phosphoric acid in chemical activation is studied. Using thermogravimetry analysis, it was found that 400oC was the best temperature to convert date frond to carbon. This is supported by FTIR spectroscopy. Various concentration of phosphoric acid is used to optimize the product high surface area carbon obtained and it was found the best is at 60% phosphoric acid with the highest surface area of 1139 m2g-1. This result is also supported by FTIR spectroscopy, which indicates the similarities between commercial carbon and the carbon prepared. FESEM pictographs show chemical activation using phosphoric acid can easily open up pores and cavity of the prepared activated carbon the get the high surface area. It is thus suggested that for mass production of high surface area carbon, date palm frond is used as the source of raw material, due to its abundance and availability comes from the pruning process on the date palm tree, while chemically activated to get the high surface area.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Poplar Sawdust by Chemical Activation: Comparison of Different Activating Agents and Carbonization Temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Ateş ◽  
Öznur Özcan
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Poplar Sawdust

Activated carbons were prepared from poplar sawdust by chemical activation using ZnCl2, H3PO4 or KOH. The influence of activating agents, carbonization temperatures ranging from 500 ºC to 800 ºC, and mass ratio of chemical agent to precursor (1:1 and 2:1) on the porosity of activated carbons were studied. The properties of the carbons were characterized by adsorption/desorption of nitrogen to determine the BET areas, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was determined that the surface morphology and textural characteristics of activated carbons vary depending on the carbonization temperature or chemical agent. Maximum surface areas were obtained at carbonization temperatures of 500, 700 and 800 ºC for H3PO4, KOH and ZnCl2 activation, respectively. The activated carbons prepared using ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activation had a higher BET surface area (nearly 1100 m2/g) than that of the KOH activation (761 m2/g). This study also presents a comparison of mechanisms of activating agents and carbonization temperature. As a result of the experimental studies, positive results were obtained, and the production of activated carbon with a high surface area was conducted. 

AKTIVASI KIMIA-FISIK LIMBAH SERUTAN ROTAN MENJADI KARBON AKTIF

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-98
Author(s):  
Andy Mizwar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Limbah rotan dari industri kerajinan dan mebel berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan karbon aktif karena memiliki kandungan holoselulosa dan kadar karbon yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas dari aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan natrium klorida (NaCl) yang dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi fisik dalam pembuatan karbon aktif berbahan dasar  limbah serutan rotan. Pembuatan karbon aktif diawali dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 250°C selama 1 jam. Selanjutnya aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan NaCl dengan variasi konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20% serta waktu perendaman selama 10, 15 dan 20 jam. Aktivasi fisik dilakukan dengan pembakaran pada suhu 700°C selama 30 menit. Analisis karakteristik fisik-kimia karbon aktif mengacu pada SNI 06-3730-95, meliputi kadar air, fixed carbon, dan iodine number, sedangkan perhitungan luas permukaan spesifik karbon aktif dilakukan dengan Metode Sears. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum aktivasi kimia terjadi pada konsentrasi NaCl 10% dan lama perendaman 10 jam dengan hasil analisis kadar air 2.90%, fixed carbon 72.70%, iodine number 994.59 mg/g dan luas permukaan 1587.67 m²/g. Peningkatan fixed carbon, iodine number dan luas permukaan karbon aktif berbanding terbalik dengan peningkatan konsentrasi NaCl dan lama waktu perendaman, sedangkan peningkatan kadar air pada karbon aktif berlaku sebaliknya. Rattan waste from handicraft and furniture industry could potentially be used as raw material of activated carbon due to high content of holoselulosa and carbon. This paper investigates the effectiveness of chemical activation using sodium chloride (NaCl) followed by physical activation in the making of activated carbon-based on rattan shavings waste. Preparation of the activated carbon began with the carbonization process at 250°C for 1 hour. Furthermore chemical activation using a variation of NaCl concentrations 10%, 15% and 20% as well as the time of immersion 10, 15 and 20 hours. Physical activation was done by burning at 700°C for 30 minutes. Analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the activated carbon was referred to the SNI 06-3730-95, including of moisture content, fixed carbon and iodine number, while the calculation of the specific surface area was done by the Sears’s method. The results of this study showed that the optimum conditions of chemical activation occurred in impregnation by NaCl 10% for 10 hours. The water content, fixed carbon, iodine number and surface area of activated carbon was 2.90%, 72.70%, 994.59 mg/g and 1587.67 m²/g  respectively. The increase values of fixed carbon, iodine number, and surface area was inversely proportional to the increase of NaCl concentration and the length of impregnation time, while the increase of water content applied vice versa.

Physical and Chemical Activation Effect on Activated Carbon Prepared from Local Pineapple Waste

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahim Yacob ◽  
Adlina Azmi ◽  
Mohd Khairul Asyraf Amat Mustajab
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Effect ◽  
Pineapple Waste ◽  
Pineapple Peel ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The characteristics and quality of activated carbons prepared depending on the chemical and physical properties of the starting materials and the activation method used. In this study, activated carbon prepared using pineapple waste. Three parts of pineapple waste which comprises of peel, crown and leaf were studied. For comparison activated carbon were prepared by both physical and chemical activation respectively. Three types of chemicals were used, phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The preparation includes carbonization at 200°C and activation at the 400°C using muffle furnace. The chemical characterization of the activated carbon was carried out using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Nitrogen gas adsorption analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The highest BET surface area was achieved when the pineapple peel soaked in 20% phosphoric acid with a surface area of 1115 m2g-1. FTIR analysis indicates that the reacted pineapple waste successfully converted into activated carbons.

Comparison on the Characteristics of Bio-Based Porous Carbons by Physical and Novel Chemical Activation

2014 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibril Mohammed ◽  
Noor Shawal Nasri ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Usman Hamza Dadum ◽  
Murtala Musa Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Potassium Acetate ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Porous Carbons ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Agricultural Materials

There is significantly abundant portion of waste agricultural materials in the world serving as environmental challenge, however, they could be converted into useful value added products like activated carbon. Coconut shell based carbons were synthesized using physical activation by CO2 and chemical activation with potassium hydroxide and potassium acetate. The BET surface areas and pore volumes are 361m2/g and 0.19cm3/g for physical activation, 1353m2/g and 0.61cm3/g for activation with KOH and 622m2/g and 0.31cm3/g for potassium acetate activated carbon. From the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis, hydroxyls, alkenes and carbonyl functional groups were identified with more prominence on the chemically activated porous carbons. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed occurrence of moisture pyrolysis at 105°C, the pyrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose occurred at 160–390°C and lignin at (390-650°C). Carbonization at 700°C and 2hrs had highest yield of 32%. Physical activation yielded lower surface area with approximately 88% micropores. On the other hand, chemically activation yielded higher surface area with elevated mesopores. The porous carbons can be applied to salvage pollution challenges.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Reedy Grass Leaves by Chemical Activation with KOH

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhi Chen ◽  
Dong Xu Miao ◽  
Xiao Jie Feng ◽  
Jian Zhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Dta Analysis

Activated carbons (AC) were produced by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 800°C from chars that were carbonized from reedy grass leaves at 450°C in N2atmosphere. The effects of the weight ratio of KOH/char ( impregnation ratio), activation temperature and duration time were examined. Adsorption capacity was demonstrated with iodine number. BET surface area, pore volume and pore size of activated carbons were characterized by N2adsorption isotherms. The maximum surface area and iodine number of the AC was 1100 m2/g and 1080 mg/g produced at 800°C for2h and impregnation ratio is 4:1.The characteristics of activated carbons were determined by Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal gravimetry (TG/DTA) analysis of raw material was carried out.

scholarly journals Carbonization Temperature Effect over Activated Carbon Porosity Derived from Industrial Processing Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1205-1209
Author(s):  
Hasan Sayğılı
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
Industrial Processing

The influence of carbonization temperature (CT) on pore properties of the prepared activated carbon using lentil processing waste product (LWP) impregnated with potassium carbonate was studied. Activated carbons (ACs) were obtained by impregnation with 3:1 ratio (w/w) K2CO3/LWP under different carbonization temperatures at 600, 700, 800 and 900 oC for 1h. Activation at low temperature represented that micropores were developed first and then mesoporosity developed, enhanced up to 800 oC and then started to decrease due to possible shrinking of pores. The optimum temperature for LWP was found to be around 800 oC on the basis of total pore volume and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area. The optimum LWPAC sample was found with a CT of 800 oC, which gives the highest BET surface area and pore volume of 1875 m2/g and 0.995 cm3/g, respectively.

scholarly journals Characterization of Activated Carbons from Oil-Palm Shell by CO2Activation with No Holding Carbonization Temperature

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Herawan ◽  
M. S. Hadi ◽  
Md. R. Ayob ◽  
A. Putra
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Preparation Time

Activated carbons can be produced from different precursors, including coals of different ranks, and lignocellulosic materials, by physical or chemical activation processes. The objective of this paper is to characterize oil-palm shells, as a biomass byproduct from palm-oil mills which were converted into activated carbons by nitrogen pyrolysis followed by CO2activation. The effects of no holding peak pyrolysis temperature on the physical characteristics of the activated carbons are studied. The BET surface area of the activated carbon is investigated using N2adsorption at 77 K with selected temperatures of 500, 600, and 700°C. These pyrolysis conditions for preparing the activated carbons are found to yield higher BET surface area at a pyrolysis temperature of 700°C compared to selected commercial activated carbon. The activated carbons thus result in well-developed porosities and predominantly microporosities. By using this activation method, significant improvement can be obtained in the surface characteristics of the activated carbons. Thus this study shows that the preparation time can be shortened while better results of activated carbon can be produced.

Characteristics of Potassium Acetate - Activated Coconut Shell Carbon

2014 ◽  
Vol 1043 ◽  
pp. 193-197
Author(s):  
Noor Shawal Nasri ◽  
Jibril Mohammed ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Usman Dadum Hamza ◽  
Husna Mohd. Zain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Potassium Acetate ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Physical Activation

There is significant portion of agricultural wastes in the world posing environmental challenge; however, they could be converted into useful products like activated carbon. In this study, coconut shell based carbons were synthesized using chemical activation with potassium acetate (PAAC), potassium hydroxide (PHAC) and physical activation by CO2 (CSAC). The properties of potassium acetate-activated carbon were characterized and the results were compared with the other activation methods. The pyrolysis temperature of 700°C for 2h yielded 32% of char. The BET surface area and pore volume of PAAC are 622m2/g and 0.31cm3/g; while 369m2/g and 0.19cm3/g, and 1354m2/g and 0.61cm3/g were recorded for CSAC and PHAC, respectively. CSAC yielded lower surface area with approximately 88% micropores. On the other hand, PAAC yielded higher surface area with approximately 50% of both micropores and mesopores, whereby this heteroporous property would suffice for a wider range of application. From the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis, hydroxyls, alkenes, carbonyls and aromatics functional groups were identified with more prominent peaks on the chemically activated porous carbons. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), lignin decomposition occurred in a wider temperature range (390-650°C). The properties of PAAC could offer a sustainable means for treatment of toxic waste streams.

Microwave-Alkali Activation on the Morphology and Structure of Bamboo Activated Carbon

2014 ◽  
Vol 575 ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazlena Hamzah ◽  
Mahanim Sarif ◽  
Farah Nur Zaiham Zulkifli ◽  
Nur Hamizah Ismail ◽  
Shareena Fairuz Abdul Manaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A study was conducted for production of activated carbon (AC) from industrial bamboo waste using carbonization and Microwave-alkali (Mw-A) activation techniques. The aim of the study is to produce activated carbon with higher surface area via Mw-A activation techniques. The study was focused on the effect of activation (KOH soaking and Mw-A) and carbonization temperature (400oC and 500oC) on the physical and chemical structure of AC. The analysis was conducted using proximate analysis, BET surface area, FESEM and FTIR analysis. The morphology and characteristic study on activated carbon shown that Mw-A activation techniques gave higher BET surface area and well develop pore structure. The results indicated that Mw-A activation of activated carbon gave BET surface area of 950m2g-1, whereas by using steam activation only 719 m2g-1 of BET surface area was recorded. Higher carbonization temperature for Mw-A treated bamboo produced higher surface area of AC. At 500oC, 1578m2g-1 BET surface area of AC was achieved. This work highlighted, Mw-A activation can be applied and further enhanced to obtain higher surface area of activated carbon derived from industrial bamboo waste.

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