Archival Amnesty: In Search of Black American Transitional and Restorative Justice

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonia Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black American ◽  
Truth And Reconciliation ◽  
Counter Narratives ◽  
History Of

Archives as memory institutions have a collective mandate to document and preserve a national cultural heritage. Recently, American archives and archivists have come under fire for pervasive homogeneity - for privileging, preserving, and reproducing a history that is predominantly white and further silencing the voices and histories of marginalized peoples and communities. This paper argues that as such, archives participate in a continuing amnesty that prevents transitional and restorative justice for black Americans in the United States. Using the history of lynching in America as a backdrop, this article explores the records and counter-narratives archives need to embrace in order to support truth and reconciliation processes for black Americans in the age of #ArchivesForBlackLives.

The Mediaeval Cultural Heritage of the Mid-European Area

1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-507
Author(s):  
Francis Dvornik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The West ◽  
European Area ◽  
National Leaders ◽  
History Of

Interest in Slavic and mid-European studies,* so long neglected, is growing considerably in the United States. Unfortunately it concentrates mostly on modern history. In Slavic studies, too much time is often devoted to the history of Russia since the Revolution, and to the analysis of the new social and political order established in that country under the influence of non-Slavic social ideas which had originated in the West, and especially in Germany (K. Marx and Lasalle) in the nineteenth century. The earlier evolution of Russia, other Slav nations, and their mid-European neighbors, is still undeservedly neglected. It is a mistake. In the Middle Ages, the Slavic nations, the Hungarians, and the Rumanians played a prominent role in the civilizing of Europe. The memories of their glorious past helped the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Bulgars, Magyars, Rumanians and also the small Albanian nation to survive the difficult period of oppression by foreign rulers and inspired their national leaders in their fight for independence and freedom.

scholarly journals Black American College Students Report Higher Memory of Love for Mothers in Childhood Than White Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 880-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Patihis ◽  
Corai E. Jackson ◽  
Jonathan C. Diaz ◽  
Elena V. Stepanova ◽  
Mario E. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
White Students ◽  
Parental Attachment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black American ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Attachment Research ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
History Of

Cultural differences between Black and White individuals in the South are connected to the inequitable history of the United States. We wondered if these cultural differences would translate to a particularly precious aspect of life: memories of love felt in childhood toward one’s parents. Some past studies have shown that Whites score higher on parental attachment measures to parents than Blacks, while other studies show no significant differences. However, no previous study has ever measured memory of feelings of love in relation to differences between ethnicities. In this study, Black ( n = 124) and White ( n = 125) undergraduates self-reported the strength and frequency of their past feelings of love toward their mother and father in first, sixth, and ninth grade as well as their current feelings of love. Results suggested that Black students reported feeling more love for their mothers in first, sixth, and ninth grades compared to White students. These findings were not explained when we statistically adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status, education levels, income, number of years spent living with mother or father, stress, or personality. Therefore, this relationship may be explained by unmeasured or unmeasurable cultural differences. The direction of this effect was in the opposite direction from what we expected based on past attachment research. Given the inequities in U.S. history and the current discussions around ethnicity and race in the United States, the finding that Blacks reported higher remembered feelings of love for their mothers in childhood is intriguing and worthy of dissemination and discussion.

Free the Land

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Onaci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Independence Movement ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

On March 31, 1968, over 500 Black nationalists convened in Detroit to begin the process of securing independence from the United States. Many concluded that Black Americans' best remaining hope for liberation was the creation of a sovereign nation-state, the Republic of New Afrika (RNA). New Afrikan citizens traced boundaries that encompassed a large portion of the South--including South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana--as part of their demand for reparation. As champions of these goals, they framed their struggle as one that would allow the descendants of enslaved people to choose freely whether they should be citizens of the United States. New Afrikans also argued for financial restitution for the enslavement and subsequent inhumane treatment of Black Americans. The struggle to "Free the Land" remains active to this day. This book is the first to tell the full history of the RNA and the New Afrikan Independence Movement. Edward Onaci shows how New Afrikans remade their lifestyles and daily activities to create a self-consciously revolutionary culture, and it argues that the RNA's tactics and ideology were essential to the evolution of Black political struggles. Onaci expands the story of Black Power politics, shedding new light on the long-term legacies of mid-century Black Nationalism.

scholarly journals Le Postmoderne et la « Visibilite » des « Invisibles » : Cas des « Native Americans » dans « This Land » de Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (42) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Zouankouan Stéphane Beugre
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
American History ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

Cet article vise à montrer comment dans la philosophie postmoderne et avec le postmoderne, les « native americans » qui étaient « invisibles » dans la période de l’Eurocentrisme sont passés d’une « invisibilité » à une visibilité véritable. Puisque désormais ils ont droit à la parole et donc ils disent leur part de vérité sur l’histoire des États-Unis et sur leurs propres histoires à eux telle que vécues avec les euro-américains. A travers donc les théories de la déconstruction et de l’historicisme, l’étude a fait remarquer que les « native americans » ont une visibilité dans le monde postmoderne et plus précisément aux États-Unis à travers une visibilité liée à la réclamation de leurs terres, à travers une visibilité liée à la réécriture de l’histoire américaine, d’une part à enseigner sur eux et d’autre part à enseigner sur l’origine des États-Unis ; et enfin à travers une visibilité liée à la restauration et la restitution de leur héritage culturel, cet héritage culturel que les survivants des génocides possèdent et font rayonné. Il faut par ailleurs ajouter que ce passage du statut d’invisibles à la visibilité à trois niveaux (réclamation de leurs terres, réécriture de l’histoire américaine, restauration et restitution de leur héritage culturel) marque un tournant décisif dans la vie des États-Unis et c’est à juste titre que Joe Biden, le Président américain a choisi novembre 2021 pour célébrer l’héritage des «Native Americans».   This article aims to show how in postmodern philosophy and with the postmodern, "native americans" who were "invisible" in the period of Eurocentrism went from "invisibility" to true visibility. Since now they have the right to speak and therefore they can tell their share of the truth about the history of the United States and their own stories as they used to live them since their contact with Euro-Americans. So through the theories of deconstruction and historicism, this study pointed out that “native americans” have visibility in the postmodern world and more precisely in the contemporary United States through a visibility linked to the claim of their lands, through a visibility linked to the rewriting of American history, on the one hand that taught about them and on the other hand that taught about the origin of the United States; and finally through a visibility linked to the restoration and restitution of their cultural heritage, this cultural heritage that the survivors of genocides possess and promote proudly. It should also be added that this passage from the status of invisibility to visibility at three levels (claim of their lands, rewriting of American history, restoration and restitution of their cultural heritage) indicates a decisive turning point in the history of the United States and it is with good reason that Joe Biden, the American President, declared November 2021 to celebrate Native American Heritage.

scholarly journals Bringing American Collections into MEI

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Stimulate Activity ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Evidence

The project Material Evidence in Incunabula was introduced to the United States by Cristina Dondi in her Kristeller Lecture at Columbia University in New York in April 2009, and developed in Europe from 2009 onward. The growth of United States’ involvement in MEI is traced, from the first regular contributions by United States institutions in 2012 through the current status, with more than a dozen institutions contributing. There are some 70 US libraries holding 100 or more copies, and nearly 200 collections holding 20 or more copies. Involving many of these institutions in MEI would not only enhance the provenance database, but also stimulate activity in those institutions with a focus on the history of early printing in the 15th century and on the cultural heritage shared with Europe. Various possibilities for moving forward with MEI in the United States are discussed.

"Slaves to rum" : alcohol, temperance, and race in America, 1800-1920

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mackenzie Tor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Temperance Movement ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Black men and women heralded the cause of the temperance movement, the organized push to combat Americans' excessive drinking habits. This thesis centers on the origins of their advocacy in the context of debates over slavery, prejudice, and segregation in the United States. White Americans justified their racism by constructing images of Black 'degradation'. Implicit in this racist conception was the idea that Black Americans were unable to control themselves, including around alcohol. White people thus feared that Black alcohol consumption would breed crime and racial violence. Armed with this fantasy of criminality, white reformers set out to suppress Black Americans and maintain their social and political power. Black reformers contested these attempts from the origins of their temperance crusade in the 1820s until Prohibition a full century later. Men and women organized across the North and, after emancipation, the South in order to formulate a response to ideas of degradation and drunkenness. Namely, they refused to drink at all. Black Americans were among the most vociferous proponents of temperance, arguing that abstention from alcohol would eventually lead to their freedom and equality within the United States. By observing racial strife over the course of the long nineteenth century, this thesis ultimately demonstrates how understandings of alcohol provide a window into the history of racial injustice in America.

Standard-Bearers of Equality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Polgar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early History ◽  
Black Freedom ◽  
Early National ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of

This book recovers the racially inclusive vision of America's first abolition movement. In showcasing the activities of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, the New York Manumission Society, and their African American allies during the post-Revolutionary and early national eras, he unearths this coalition's comprehensive agenda for black freedom and equality. By guarding and expanding the rights of people of African descent and demonstrating that black Americans could become virtuous citizens of the new Republic, these activists, whom Polgar names "first movement abolitionists," sought to end white prejudice and eliminate racial inequality. Beginning in the 1820s, however, colonization threatened to eclipse this racially inclusive movement. Colonizationists claimed that what they saw as permanent black inferiority and unconquerable white prejudice meant that slavery could end only if those freed were exiled from the United States. In pulling many reformers into their orbit, this radically different antislavery movement marginalized the activism of America's first abolitionists and obscured the racially progressive origins of American abolitionism that Polgar now recaptures. By reinterpreting the early history of American antislavery, Polgar illustrates that the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are as integral to histories of race, rights, and reform in the United States as the mid-nineteenth century.

West Indians in New York City and London: A Comparative Analysis

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Foner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Indians ◽  
History Of ◽  
Occupational Background

Census data indicate that West Indians in the United States are occupationally more successful than West Indians in Britain. Three factors may help to explain this situation: the history of West Indian migration to Britain and the United States; the occupational background of the migrants; and the structure of race relations in the two receiving areas. Comparing West Indians’ occupational achievements in the United States and Britain may also help to explain why West Indians in New York are more successful than black Americans.

Black Americans’ Business Ownership Factors: A Theoretical Perspective

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sol Ahiarah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Black American ◽  
The Political ◽  
Real Power ◽  
Business Ownership ◽  
Successful Business

The black American struggle in the United States continues to occur in the political, cultural and economic spheres with some measure of success. Regarding the economic sphere as the most critical because it is the source of real power in this country, and business ownership as the ultimate manifestation of economic liberation, this article examines black Americans’ business ownership and factors facilitating it. Defining successful business ownership in terms of: (1) increasing business formations by black Americans, (2) survival/longevity of the formed businesses, (3) their creation of jobs, and, (4) their profitability, this article identifies three factors facilitating it. The facilitating factor types are: (1) individual-specific, (2) group-specific, and (3) environment-consequent. It is suggested that the complex interaction of elements of these factors at any time, most likely determines the proportion of black ownership of American businesses.

scholarly journals “I am Sapelo”: Racialized uneven development and land politics within the Gullah Geechee Corridor

2021 ◽  
pp. 251484862098736
Author(s):  
Dean Hardy ◽  
Nik Heynen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Sapelo Island ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Land Politics ◽  
History Of

The history of land struggles in the United States demonstrates how ongoing patterns of uneven development depend upon and codify the legacies of white supremacy. In this article, we show how the histories of white supremacy continue to be embedded and institutionalized into contemporary land and property politics through the processes of racialized uneven development using the case of Sapelo Island, Georgia. We trace the history of property relations on Sapelo over four periods (covering 1802–2020) to reveal how Black, Saltwater Geechee descendants’ presence on the island has persisted despite manifold attempts to manipulate, control, and dispossess families of their land. We re-interpret Sapelo’s history through the lens of abolition ecology to articulate how the struggle for life through land consistently runs up against state-sanctioned racial violence, which perpetuates and institutionalizes systemic racialized uneven development. We argue that the “racial state” is facilitating the dispossession of Geechee cultural heritage, which lies in having access to and ownership of the land and requires new political imaginaries to combat the persistence of these tactics.

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