Alcohol Consumption Motivation in Adolescents

The number of alcoholic drinks that adolescents abuse was due to various reasons. The objective of the study was to explore the motivation of adolescents in consuming alcohol. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. 13 participants were selected according to the inclusion criteria using snowball sampling. The data collection used semi-structured interviews. The data analysis stage in this study used the Colaizzi technique. This study consisted 3 main themes and 19 sub-themes; (1) feelings: a) comfortable, b) happiness, c) relieved, d) satisfied; (2) encouragement: a) society, b) curious, c) addictive, d) friend invitation, e) escape, f) solidarity, g) got trouble, h) stimulate activity, i) looking for new experience; (3) achievement: a) got many friends, b) recognized, c) so it looks cool, d) he problem solved, e) able to tell stories, f) healthy in body. The consumption of alcohol in adolescents was based on the will of the adolescent, both from within the individual and from outside the individual which motivated adolescents to consume alcohol with a purpose that the individual believes. Alcohol abuse among adolescents is a chronic problem in the government's efforts to reduce numbers due to the effect of alcoholic drinks. Alcoholic drink is a type of drink that has an intoxicating effect, is dependent on nature and causes changes in behavior, perceptions, emotions and cognition for those who consume it

Bringing American Collections into MEI

The project Material Evidence in Incunabula was introduced to the United States by Cristina Dondi in her Kristeller Lecture at Columbia University in New York in April 2009, and developed in Europe from 2009 onward. The growth of United States’ involvement in MEI is traced, from the first regular contributions by United States institutions in 2012 through the current status, with more than a dozen institutions contributing. There are some 70 US libraries holding 100 or more copies, and nearly 200 collections holding 20 or more copies. Involving many of these institutions in MEI would not only enhance the provenance database, but also stimulate activity in those institutions with a focus on the history of early printing in the 15th century and on the cultural heritage shared with Europe. Various possibilities for moving forward with MEI in the United States are discussed.

GABAergic Agonists (“Anxiolytics”)

The drug class of GABAergic agonists includes the agents that are benzodiazepines and most hypnotic agents. Gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors are distributed throughout the neocortex, and have a general inhibitory effect on brain activity. All benzodiazepines have the same basic mechanism of activity. Their differences involved their pharmacokinetics; namely, their half-life and speed of onset. They also differ in potency of affect. Benzodiazepines are the classic group of medications that have primarily anti-anxiety effects. Mechanistically, they are GABAergic agonists. In this effect, they stimulate activity at the GABA-a receptor. The clinical pharmacology of specific agents within each class, including efficacy and side effects, is explored. Specific phenomena surveyed include withdrawal, tolerance, and addiction. The limited efficacy of hypnotic agents is scrutinized.

GURU DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR AGAMA ANAK TUNA GRAHITA

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Religious Education given to children with intellectual challenges are di? erent from normal children in general. Th e di? erence is not in its subject matter, but in terms of the extent and development of materials of religious education tailored to the child’s ability. A Mentally dissabled child is not easy to be educated about the teaching of religion, because the limitations in capturing the religious instruction and behavior di? erent from normal children. Teachers have an important character such as a motivator. Teachers should be able to increase or stimulate activity, provide encouragement, as a good example, as well as providing facilities for students to have a passion in studying religion, especially in the process of learning in children with intellectual challenges who have mental conditions that are di? erent from normal children. Th erefore, it is important for teachers to give encouragement or stimulus that they have a passion and interest in the study of religion.</p><p>Keywords: <em>Teacher, Motivation, Mentally disabled.</em></p>

Phosphorylation of rat kidney Na-K pump at Ser938 is required for rapid angiotensin II-dependent stimulation of activity and trafficking in proximal tubule cells

How angiotensin (ANG) II acutely stimulates the Na-K pump in proximal tubules is only partially understood, limiting insight into how ANG II increases blood pressure. First, we tested whether ANG II increases the number of pumps in plasma membranes of native rat proximal tubules under conditions of rapid activation. We found that exposure to 100 pM ANG II for 2 min, which was previously shown to increase affinity of the Na-K pump for Na and stimulate activity threefold, increased the amount of the Na-K pump in plasma membranes of native tubules by 33%. Second, we tested whether previously observed increases in phosphorylation of the Na-K pump at Ser938 were part of the stimulatory mechanism. These experiments were carried out in opossum kidney cells, cultured proximal tubules stably coexpressing the ANG type 1 (AT1) receptor, and either wild-type or a S938A mutant of rat kidney Na-K pump under conditions found by others to stimulate activity. We found that 10 min of incubation in 10 pM ANG II stimulated activity of wild-type pumps from 2.3 to 3.5 nmol K·mg protein−1·min−1 and increased the amount of the pump in the plasma membrane by 80% but had no effect on cells expressing the S938A mutant. We conclude that acute stimulation of Na-K pump activity in native rat proximal tubules includes increased trafficking to the plasma membrane and that phosphorylation at Ser938 is part of the mechanism by which ANG II directly stimulates activity and trafficking of the rat kidney Na-K pump in opossum kidney cells.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ БІОЛОГІЧНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ ЛЕКТИНВМІСНИХ ЕКСТРАКТІВ ЕХІНАЦЕЇ БЛІДОЇ (ECHINACEA PALLIDA (NUTT.) NUTT.)

Представлено експериментальні дані оцінки біоло-гічної активності лектинвмісних екстрактів ехі-нацеї блідої (Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.) сортуКрасуня прерій та їх складових шляхом тестуван-ня на паростках крес-салату. В концентраціях10 –1 % спостерігалося пригнічення (до 100 %)росту корінців тест-культури. Найбільш вираже-ний стимулюючий ефект мали екстракти стебелта їх складові (до +25,3 %), лектинова фракціяекстракту кореневищ із коренями (+15,3 %). На-тивні екстракти суцвіть у більшості варіантівслабо впливали на ріст крес-салату, але їх компо-ненти показували як стимулюючу (+25,3 %), так іґальмівну дію (-23,5 %). Екстракти листків маливиражений алелопатичний ефект майже в усьомудіапазоні концентрацій. Робиться висновок проможливі гормональні ефекти екстрактівехінацеї блідої. The experimental data assessment biological activity of thelectin containing extracts of pale coneflower (Echinacea pallida(nutt.) Nutt.) cv. “Beauty of praries” and their components bytesting on watercress salad sprouts are given. It has been establishedthat the concentration of 10–1% depressing roots the testsystem. The stems extract and theirs components had been themost evident stimulating effect (+25.3%), and lectins fraction ofextract of rhizomes with roots(+15.3%). In the majority ofvariation the complete extract of inflorescences slightlystimulated growth of watercress salad, but their componentsshown as stimulate activity(+25.3% )as depressing activity(-23.5%).The extracts of leaves had allopathic effect the almost in whole range concentration. The following conclusion a drownthat hormonal effect the extracts of pale coneflower is possible.