‘A Peaceful History’? West Indians, the Inner City, and Local Responses to Migration in Post-War Bristol

Using the 1980 St. Paul’s riot as a point of departure, this article retrospectively explores migration policymaking in Bristol during the 1950s and 1960s. It charts some of the deliberations, policies and practices of three local actors who played key roles in the city’s debates and developments on migration and integration: the police, charitable, community, religious and voluntary groups and organisations, and the municipality. In doing so, it exposes a complex urban policy arena comprised of varied, multifaceted and ever-changing responses to Commonwealth immigrants, and West Indians in particular. Overall, the article argues that Bristol’s migration policies and practices of the 1950s and 1960s are crucial in light of subsequent increasing inner-city tensions and the 1980 uprising, but also because they broaden our understanding of the pivotal role that cities played in the governance of migration and diversity already during the post-war decades.

Association of VEGF haplotypes with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians

Background Angiogenesis is a complex and coordinated process regulated by different growth factors and is one of the hallmark features of cancer. VEGF is one of the most important endothelial cell mitogen and has a critical role in normal physiological and tumor angiogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential association of haplotypes of six VEGF polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. Methods Samples of 250 breast cancer patients and 250 age and sex matched controls were genotyped for VEGF −2578C/A, −2549I/D, −460T/C, +405C/G, −7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms. Haplotypes were generated to determine the better contribution of VEGF polymorphisms to breast cancer risk. Results Haplotypes CDTCCC (OR = 0.56, 95%CI, 0.38–0.81; p = 0.003) and CDTGCC (OR = 0.63, 95%CI, 0.44–0.92; p = 0.018) of VEGF −2578C/A, −2549I/D, −460T/C, +405C/G, −7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. CDTCCC haplotype was also significantly associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in pre and post menopausal as well as both obese and non obese patients. Haplotype CDTGCC was marginally associated (p = 0.07) with reduced risk of breast cancer in non-obese patients as compared with non-obese controls where as haplotype AICGTC was marginally associated (p = 0.09) with reduced risk of breast cancer in obese patients when compared with non-obese patients. The CDTGCC haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal obese patients (OR = 1.98, 95%CI, 1.10–3.56; p = 0.02). Conclusions Our data indicated that CDTCCC and CDTGCC haplotypes of VEGF −2578C/A, −2549I/D, −460T/C, +405C/G, −7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. Further studies on multiethnic groups with larger sample size are required to confirm our results.

The translation of images and West Indian creole into Spanish in Sam Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners

Sam Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners is considered a classic of West Indian literature in the style of Migrant Modernism (Brown 2013). First published in post-war London in 1956, it was not translated into Spanish until 2016, probably due to the challenging features of the novel and its language. A case of text creolisation (Buzelin 2000), the translation of the novel required an active effort to construct a language variant that could convey Selvon’s peculiar literary style and sociopolitical intent. The present work aims to investigate the images of West Indians portrayed in the original novel and, more specifically, how they are transposed into the Spanish text. The research method includes an account of the editorial process, an interview with the translator, and an analysis of the paratexts and translation excerpts. Finally, the reception of the translation in literary reviews shall also be discussed.

Re-envisioning Caribbean Costa Rica

While West Indians constituted a much larger immigrant group in the port of Limón, Costa Rica and its environs, Chinese also migrated there during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In hopes of maintaining their culture and in response to the prejudice they faced, both groups formed their own tightknit transnational subcommunities. Nevertheless, they also interacted with each other. These interactions ranged from tension and conflict on the one hand, to routine, peaceful interaction and even collaboration on the other. In particular, class differences and the marginalization these groups experienced combined to produce this complex relationship. Tension and conflict often emerged due to both sides hoping to move up the social ladder and because of the economic power that many Chinese held as shopkeepers and lenders. Nevertheless, as groups experiencing social marginalization and living in proximity to each other, they could develop neutral or positive social and economic relationships.

Michael Elliot: Artist Statement and Artwork

Included are images representing paintings from Michael Elliot's "Windrush Series, "Brixton Brewing" and "The Drop", preceded by a statement describing the importance of the series, which represents the history of West Indians who migrated to Britain and the social problems that they faced. Incorporated in the works are the elements of tea cups which are representative of the original Windrush ship, and tea bags which illustrate the essence being drained from the Black man until there is nothing left to give.

A diglossia literária em Patrick Chamoiseau: o caso de seus romances autobiográficos Antan d’enfance e Chemin d’école / The Literary Diglossy in Patrick Chamoiseau: the Case of His Autobiographic Romances Antan D’Enfance and Chemin D’École

Resumo: Patrick Chamoiseau (1953) é um escritor martinicano contemporâneo que produziu romances, ensaios, peças de teatro e contos filosóficos. Considerado sucessor de grandes autores martinicanos como Aimé Césaire e Édouard Glissant, Chamoiseau é um autor comprometido que questiona em seus textos a noção de literatura, a tradição literária francesa, a história das Antilhas francesas e a relação dos escritores antilhanos com o mundo e seus papéis no contexto cultural globalizado. Este trabalho de reflexão é realizado pelos personagens de seus romances, bem como pelos diferentes narradores. Chamoiseau construiu seu discurso teórico principalmente em filiação com o pensamento de Edouard Glissant. A poética da Relação de Glissant (1990) constitui a linha diretriz a partir da qual ele desenvolve sua reflexão. Ele dedica grande parte de seu trabalho a tentar entender, explicar e resolver o dilaceramento diglóssico experimentado por ele e pelo povo da Martinica, presos entre a língua crioula (língua dominada) e a língua francesa (língua dominante). Assim, mostrar-se-á como em seus romances autobiográficos Antan d’Enfance-Une enfance créole I (1996), Chemin-d’école – Une enfance créole II (1996), mas também o seu ensaio teórico Écrire en pays dominé (1997), o autor reflete essa busca. Neles, Chamoiseau revela as questões identitárias geradas no seu encontro com as duas línguas, relata a complexidade dos mecanismos psicológicos e relacionais, as dificuldades de se construir como indivíduo e como membro de uma comunidade. A escrita de Chamoiseau procura traduzir esse conflito e busca resolvê-lo, criando uma linguagem híbrida, poética e polissêmica, onde a língua crioula habita em uma narração em francês, e onde os gêneros se misturam.Palavras chave: literatura; autobiografia; diglossia; oralidade; identidade.Abstract: Patrick Chamoiseau (1953) is a contemporary Martinican writer who wrote novels, essays, plays and philosophical tales. He is considered the successor of great Martinican authors like Aimé Césaire and Édouard Glissant. Chamoiseau is a committed author who questions in his texts the notion of literature, the French literary tradition, the history of the French West-Indies, as well as the relationship of the west-Indians writers with the world and their roles in the globalized cultural context. This reflection work is carried out by the characters of his novels, as well as by the different narrators. Chamoiseau constructed his theoretical discourse mainly in affiliation with the thinking of Edouard Glissant. The poetic of Relationship of Glissant (1990) constitutes the guideline from which he develops his reflection. He dedicates a large part of his work trying to understand, explain and resolve the diglossic tearing experienced by him and the people of Martinique, caught between the Creole language (dominated language) and the French language (dominant language). Thus, we will show how in his autobiographical novels Antan d’Enfance – Une enfance créole I (1996), Chemin-d’école – Une enfance créole II (1996), but also his theoretical essay Écrire en pays dominé (1997) the author reflects this search. In them, Chamoiseau reveals the identity issues generated in his encounter with the two languages, reports the complexity of the psychological and relational mechanisms, the difficulties of building himself as an individual and as a member of a community. Chamoiseau’s writing seeks to translate this conflict, and seeks to resolve it, creating a hybrid poetic and polysemic language, where the Creole language lives in a narration in French and where the genres are mixed.Keywords: literature; autobiography; diglossy; orality; identity.

Association of VEGF Haplotypes with Breast Cancer Risk in North-West Indians

Background: Angiogenesis is a complex and coordinated process regulated by different growth factors and is one of the hallmark features of cancer. VEGF is one of the most important endothelial cell mitogen and has a critical role in normal physiological and tumor angiogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential association of haplotypes of six VEGF polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. Methods: Samples of 250 breast cancer patients and 250 age and gender matched controls were genotyped for VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms. Haplotypes were generated to determine the better contribution of VEGF polymorphisms to breast cancer risk. Results: Haplotypes CDTCCC (OR = 0.56, 95%CI, 0.38-0.81; p = 0.003) and CDTGCC (OR = 0.63, 95%CI, 0.44-0.92; p = 0.018) of VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. CDTCCC haplotype was also significantly associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in pre and post menopausal as well as both obese and non obese patients. Haplotype CDTGCC was marginally associated (p = 0.07) with reduced risk of breast cancer in non-obese patients as compared with non-obese controls where as haplotype AICGTC was marginally associated (p = 0.09) with reduced risk of breast cancer in obese patients when compared with non-obese patients. The CDTGCC haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal obese patients (OR = 1.98, 95%CI, 1.10-3.56; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our data indicated that CDTCCC and CDTGCC haplotypes of VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. Further studies on multiethnic groups with larger sample size are required to confirm our results.

Exploring Global Health Disparities: Afro-Caribbeans’ Perceptions of the Prevalence of Type II Diabetes in Their Communities

Historically, many Caribbean islands did not experience the impact of non-communicable diseases until the most recent decades. Our neighbors in the Caribbean are experiencing complications and death due to chronic conditions and comorbidities that leave many communities puzzled about how to address health concerns and chronic conditions like diabetes. Little research has been conducted on the realities of type II diabetes in the Caribbean region. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six West Indians from four predominantly Afro-Caribbean islands, who witness the daily experiences of how type II diabetes impacts their health, their families, and their communities. The data provides key insight to understand how individuals and families are affected make sense of Type II diabetes.

Association of VEGF Haplotypes with Breast Cancer Risk in North-West Indians

Background: Angiogenesis is a complex and coordinated process regulated by different growth factors and is one of the hallmark features of cancer. VEGF is one of the most important endothelial cell mitogen and has a critical role in normal physiological and tumor angiogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential association of haplotypes of six VEGF polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. Methods: Samples of 250 breast cancer patients and 250 age and gender matched controls were genotyped for VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms. Haplotypes were generated to determine the better contribution of VEGF polymorphisms to breast cancer risk. Results: Haplotypes CDTCCC (OR = 0.56, 95%CI, 0.38-0.81; p = 0.003) and CDTGCC (OR = 0.63, 95%CI, 0.44-0.92; p = 0.018) of VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. CDTCCC haplotype was also significantly associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in pre and post menopausal as well as both obese and non obese patients. Haplotype CDTGCC was marginally associated (p = 0.07) with reduced risk of breast cancer in non-obese patients as compared with non-obese controls where as haplotype AICGTC was marginally associated (p = 0.09) with reduced risk of breast cancer in obese patients when compared with non-obese patients. The CDTGCC haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal obese patients (OR = 1.98, 95%CI, 1.10-3.56; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our data indicated that CDTCCC and CDTGCC haplotypes of VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. Further studies on multiethnic groups with larger sample size are required to confirm our results.