scholarly journals Impact of Water Treatment on Foliar Damage of Landscape Trees Sprinkle Irrigated with Reuse Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
D. A. Devitt ◽  
R. L. Morris ◽  
D. S. Neuman
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Prunus Cerasifera ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Chilopsis Linearis

Abstract An experiment was conducted on four container-grown tree species placed under five different irrigation reuse water treatments to determine the extent of foliar damage after a 14.5-month period. The tree species included Heritage oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘Heritage’), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis (Cav.)/Sweet), flowering plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh ‘Atropurpurea’), and Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis Bunge). Plant response and an index of visual damage (IVD) were assessed at different times throughout the experiment. Ion concentrations in the leaf tissue were different for species (S) (p < 0.001), treatment (T) (Na, K, SO4, p < 0.05) and by a species by treatment interaction (S × T) (Na, Ca, Mg, K and SO4, p < 0.05). SPAD measurements varied by S (p < 0.001), T (p < 0.001) and by an S × T interaction (p < 0.045). SPAD measurements decreased as the leaf tissue Na concentration increased (SPAD = 47.49 – 12.46(Na), r2 = 0.38, p < 0.01). The IVD varied by S (p < 0.001), T (p < 0.001) and by an S × T interaction (p < 0.001). Na, Ca and SO4 tissue ion concentrations could account for 52% of the variability in the IVD (IVD =−1.93 + 4.63(Na) + 2.60(Ca)−0.001(SO4), p < 0.01). Because the irrigation treatment resulting in the lowest IVD was species dependent, irrigation treatment selection should be based upon an evaluation of the landscape species composition and the potential cost of implementing a given strategy. The response observed in this study suggests that a single universal irrigation strategy does not exist, indicating that emphasis must be placed on initial and replacement plant selection.

scholarly journals Foliar Damage, Spectral Reflectance, and Tissue Ion Concentrations of Trees Sprinkle Irrigated with Waters of Similar Salinity but Different Chemical Composition

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Devitt ◽  
R.L. Morris ◽  
L.K. Fenstermaker
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Mixed Response ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
The Impact

We investigated foliar damage to five landscape species sprinkler irrigated with either reuse water or one of five synthesized saline waters that contained elevated single salts mixed with Colorado River water, all having similar electrical conductivities. The experiment allowed us to compare the impact of elevated concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, and SO4 on an index of visual damage (IVD), tissue ion concentrations, and spectral reflectance. Waters containing elevated concentrations of MgCl2 or NaCl caused greater foliar damage than did MgSO4, Na2SO4, CaSO4, or reuse water, as recorded in higher IVD values (p < 0.05). Privet and elm were damaged to a greater extent (higher IVD values) than were desert willow, guava and laurel (p < 0.05). Higher IVD values were recorded for all species irrigated with the MgCl2 waters, with mortality recorded in privet. Tissue nutrient concentrations were correlated with the IVD values. In the case of guava, 61% of the variability in the IVD could be accounted for based on N, P and K (P < 0.01). On a treatment basis, the single salts added to the municipal water showed little correlation with the IVD values, except in the case of MgCl2, where Mg was included in the regression equation (r2 = 0.82, P < 0.01, IVD↑ as S04↓, Mg and P↑). Eleven different spectral indices separated based on treatment and/or species (P < 0.05). In elm, 70% of the variability in the IVD could be accounted for by including Red Edge, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Water Band Index (WBI)/NDVI. A mixed response was observed to a post 30-day irrigation rinse in an attempt to reduce IVD values. Based on our results, care should be given to monitoring not only the EC (and osmotic potential) but also the ionic composition when saline waters are blended with other water sources, with the aim of minimizing the concentration of Mg, Cl, and Na.

scholarly journals Foliar Damage and Flower Production of Landscape Plants Sprinkle Irrigated with Reuse Water

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1871-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Devitt ◽  
R.L. Morris ◽  
L.K. Fenstermaker ◽  
M. Baghzouz ◽  
D.S. Neuman
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Southern Nevada ◽  
Foliar Damage

Nineteen flowering landscape species were sprinkle irrigated with either reuse water or fresh water, with an additional treatment of reuse water plus shade (solar radiation reduced by 24%), for 113 days during late summer and early fall in southern Nevada. The species selected were common to mixed landscape areas on golf courses in southern Nevada transitioning to reuse water. An index of visual damage (IVD) was assessed, along with an assessment of flower production, canopy temperature, tissue ion analysis and spectral reflectance. The IVD values separated based on species (p < 0.001), treatment (p < 0.001) and by a species by treatment interaction (p < 0.001). Irrigating with reuse water plus shade reduced the IVD compared to the reuse without shade in 7 of the 19 species (p < 0.05). When IVD values were included for all species, 40% of the variation in the IVD values could be accounted for if N, B, Ca, Mg, Na, and Zn were included in the regression equation. Higher r2 values were obtained when individual species were isolated, with regression equations differing based on tissue ion combinations [e.g., ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) r2 = 0.81 IVD↑, Na↓, Mn↑]. Three vegetation indices chlorophyll index (CHL), red/far red (R/FR) and water band index/normalized difference vegetation index (WBI/NDVI)) accounted for 51% of the variation in the IVD values. As much as 72% of the variation in vegetation indices could be accounted for based on tissue ion concentrations when separated based on treatment, with Na being the only common ion in all of the highest correlations. Flower production was highest in the reuse plus shade treatment in all 13 species flowering during the experimental period, with as much as 86% of the flower production variation driven by different tissue ion concentrations [purple cup (Nierembergia hippomanica), r2 = 0.86, flowers↑, Mn↑, Zn↓]. Nine of the nineteen species had acceptable levels of foliar damage (IVD < 2.0). We believe that if the spray irrigation can be minimized (bubblers/drip) and/or partial shade provided, through multi-story landscape designs, a more favorable response will be observed.

scholarly journals Estimating Transpiration for Three Woody Ornamental Tree Species using Stem-flow Gauges and Lysimetry

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Devitt ◽  
M. Berkowitz ◽  
P.J. Schulte ◽  
R.L. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Stem Flow ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Chilopsis Linearis ◽  
Ornamental Trees

We compared transpiration estimates of three common desert landscape tree species using stem-flow gauges and lysimetry. Argentine mesquite (Prosopis alba Grisebach), desert willow [Chilopsis linearis (cav.) Sweet var. linearis], and southern live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill., seedling selection) were subjected to three irrigation regimes. Leaching fractions of +0.25, 0.00, and -0.25 were imposed for 2 years. During the summer of the second year, we conducted a comparative transpiration study. Trees growing in 190-liter plastic containers had a highly linear correlation (r = 0.98, P = 0.001) between transpiration estimated by stem-flow gauges and lysimetry. An average 18% error was measured between paired data (total runs of 14 to 72.5 hours) of stem-flow gauge and lysimetry transpiration estimates. However, a lower error was correlated significantly with longer run times (r = -0.37, P = 0.05). Based on field measurements taken in this experiment, run times would have to be >68 hours to maintain an associated error below 10%. Higher cumulative transpiration also was associated with longer run times (r = 0.80, P = 0.001). These results suggest that the stem-flow gauge can be used to estimate transpiration accurately to schedule irrigation for woody ornamental trees in an arid environment, provided that irrigation predictions are not based on short-term stem-flow gauge estimates (<68 hours).

Foliar damage to ornamental trees sprinkler-irrigated with reuse water

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan L. ◽  
Devitt D. ◽  
Morris R. ◽  
Neuman D.
Keyword(s):  
Reuse Water ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Ornamental Trees

scholarly journals GAS EXCHANGE AND GROWTH OF TWO FIELD-GROWN MAPLE TREE SPECIES IN RESPONSE TO THREE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BASED IRRIGATION REGIMES

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 879d-879
Author(s):  
Thayne Montague ◽  
Lindsey Fox
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Irrigation Volume

Recent droughts and depleted water tables across many regions have elevated the necessity to irrigate field-grown (FG) nursery trees. At the same time, ordinances restricting nursery irrigation volume (often without regard to plant water requirements) have been implemented. This research investigated gas exchange and growth of two FG maple tree species (Acer × freemanii `Autumn Blaze' and A. truncatum) subjected to three reference evapotranspiration (ETo) irrigation regimes (100%, 60%, and 30% of ETo) in a semi-arid climate. During Spring 2002, nine containerized (11.3 L) trees of each species were field planted in a randomized block design. Each year trees were irrigated through a drip irrigation system. During the first growing season, all trees were irrigated at 100% ETo. Irrigation treatments began Spring of 2003. Gas exchange data (pre-dawn leaf water potential and midday stomatal conductance) were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons and growth data (shoot elongation, caliper increase, and leaf area) were collected at the end of each growing season. For each species, yearly data indicates irrigation regime influenced gas exchange and growth of these FG trees. However, it is interesting to note gas exchange and growth of these FG maple trees were not necessarily associated with trees receiving the high irrigation treatment. In addition, it appears the influence of irrigation volume on the growth of these FG trees is plant structure and species specific. Our data suggests irrigation of FG trees based upon local ETo measurements and soil surface root area may be a means to conserve irrigation water and produce FG trees with adequate growth. However, continued research on the influence of reduced irrigation on FG tree species is needed.

scholarly journals Sampling Tissue for DNA Analysis of Trees: Trunk Cambium as an Alternative to Canopy Leaves

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Colpaert ◽  
S. Cavers ◽  
E. Bandou ◽  
H. Caron ◽  
G. Gheysen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Tropical Tree Species ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract The number of studies of tropical tree species that use molecular tools is increasing, most of which collect leaf tissue for genomic DNA extraction. In tropical trees the canopy is not only frequently inaccessible, but also, once reached, the leaf tissue is often heavily defended against herbivory by high concentrations of anti-predation compounds, which may inhibit downstream applications, particularly PCR. Cambium tissue, accessed directly from the tree trunk at ground level, offers a readily accessible resource that is less hampered by the presence of defensive chemicals than leaf tissue. Here we describe a simple method for obtaining tissue from the cambial zone for DNA extraction and test the applicability of the method in a range of tropical tree species. The method was used successfully to extract DNA from 11 species in nine families. A subset of the DNA extracts was tested in more detail and proved to be highly suitable for AFLP analysis.

Leaf tissue water relations in tree species from contrasting habitats within the upper Rio Negro forests of the Amazon region

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Sobrado
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
Contrasting Habitats ◽  
Species Specific

The landscape of the upper Rio Negro basin (North Amazon) exhibits distinctive habitats that are associated with differential soil characteristics and topographical conditions as well as species composition (Herrera et al. 1978). The mixed forests thrive on well-structured oxisols on slightly more elevated areas. The valleys with sandy podzols are occupied by the ‘Amazon caatinga’ complex with three distinct zones: the bottom valley and the gentle slopes, both of which have closed forests, and the sandy domes with open forests (‘bana’ or sclerophyllous forest; Breimer 1985). From the mixed forest towards the caatinga valley-slope-dome habitats, the leaf δ15N signatures become increasingly negative, suggesting a trend in N limitation in the same direction (Sobrado 2010). Thus, negative leaf δ15N signatures depleted in 15N compared with the soil indicate a very tight N cycle in all of the habitats. Water availability follows a similar pattern from the top of the oxisol towards the flooded valley bottom of the caatinga, with extreme water-table fluctuations in the sandy domes (Klinge 1978). Thus, parallel variation in nutrient and water availabilities exist in this area that are associated with soil characteristics and topography. Under such contrasting habitats, species-specific responses would be linked to particular conditions of the habitat at a local scale (Comita & Engelbrecht 2009, Engelbrecht et al. 2007). A number of studies in these habitats have shown that this is the case for soil fertility (Coomes 1997, Medina et al. 1990, Sobrado 2010, Sobrado & Medina 1980). Similarly, the hydraulic characteristics and long-term water use are species specific and related to particular conditions of the habitat at the local scale (Sobrado 2010). In this report, it was hypothesized that the leaf tissue water relations of species thriving in different habitats may reflect the water availability at the particular sites as well. The leaf tissue water relations of species thriving in the extreme nutrient and water-supply conditions of the sandy domes from the caatinga complex have been previously studied in detail (Sobrado 2009a). However, these data are currently not available for the species that thrive in the surrounding area of the closed forests, and importantly, such information would allow for a comparison across habitats. Therefore, the present study assessed the minimum leaf water potential (midday) under field conditions as well as the leaf tissue water relations by using pressure-volume analysis of dominant tree species in the top canopy of these high-stature forests.

scholarly journals Relative Salt Tolerance of Eight Japanese Barberry Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1810-1815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifei Chen ◽  
Youping Sun ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
James Altland
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Japanese Barberry ◽  
Visual Score ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
And Performance

Relative salt tolerance of eight Berberis thunbergii (japanese barberry) cultivars (B. thunbergii ‘Celeste’, ‘Kasia’, ‘Maria’, ‘Mini’, and ‘Talago’; B. thunbergii var. atropurpurea ‘Concorde’, ‘Helmond Pillar’, and ‘Rose Glow’) was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Plants were irrigated with nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solutions at an EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m−1 (EC 5 or EC 10) once a week for 8 weeks. At 4 weeks after treatment, all barberry cultivars in EC 5 had minimal foliar damage with visual scores of 4 or greater (visual score 0: dead, 5: excellent). At 8 weeks after treatment, in EC 5, ‘Helmond Pillar’, ‘Maria’, ‘Mini’, and ‘Rose Glow’ plants exhibited slight foliar salt damage with an average visual score of 3.5, whereas ‘Celeste’, ‘Concorde’, ‘Kasia’, and ‘Talago’ had minimal foliar salt damage with an averaged visual score of 4.4. However, most barberry plants in EC 10 exhibited severe foliar salt damage 4 weeks after treatment with the exception of ‘Concorde’ and were dead 8 weeks after treatment. Compared with control, at the end of the experiment (8 weeks of treatments), shoot dry weight (DW) of ‘Celeste’, ‘Helmond Pillar’, ‘Maria’, and ‘Rose Glow’ in EC 5 was reduced by 47%, 47%, 50%, and 42%, respectively, whereas shoot DW of ‘Concorde’, ‘Kasia’, ‘Mini’, and ‘Talago’ in EC 5 did not change. In EC 10, shoot DW of ‘Celeste’, ‘Concorde’, ‘Kasia’, and ‘Talago’ was reduced by 75%, 35%, 55%, and 46%, respectively. The averaged sodium (Na) concentration of all barberry cultivars in EC 5 and EC 10 was 34 and 87 times, respectively, higher than the control, whereas leaf chloride (Cl) concentration of all barberry cultivars in EC 5 and EC 10 was 14–60 and 29–106 times, respectively, higher than the control. Growth, visual quality, and performance index (PI) were all negatively correlated with leaf Na and Cl content in all cultivars, suggesting that excessive Na and Cl accumulation in the leaf tissue led to growth reduction, salt damage, and death. In summary, ‘Concorde’, ‘Kasia’, and ‘Talago’ were relatively salt tolerant; ‘Helmond Pillar’, ‘Maria’, ‘Mini’, and ‘Rose Glow’ were relatively salt sensitive; and ‘Celeste’ was in between the two groups. Generally, barberry plants had moderate salt tolerance and can be irrigated with marginal water at an EC of 5 dS·m−1 or lower with slight foliar damage.

Comparative Study of Oak Species for Intercepting Particle Pollution

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 532-533
Author(s):  
Kamran K. Abdollahi ◽  
Zhu H. Ning
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Celtis Occidentalis ◽  
Particle Pollution

Trees can act as efficient biological filters to remove significant amounts of particulate pollution from urban atmospheres (Nowak, et al. 1994 ). Recent controlled environment studies have indicated that tree's ability in intercepting and removing particle pollution varies among species. Studies by Abdollahi et al. (2000) confirmed that there were significant differences among different tree species in intercepting particle pollution. Live Oaks (Quercus virginiana), River Birch ( Betula nigra),and Sugar hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) are statistically more efficient at capturing pollutant particles of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) than tree species such as Red Maple (Acer Rubrum),Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora),and Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis).Other Studies also suggested that the leaf surface morphology of these trees might play an important role in interception and removal of PM2.5.The main objectives of this study were to quantify the relative ability of selected oak species (Quercus spp.) in removing particle pollution of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and to characterize oak leaf surface morphology.

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