scholarly journals Foliar Damage, Spectral Reflectance, and Tissue Ion Concentrations of Trees Sprinkle Irrigated with Waters of Similar Salinity but Different Chemical Composition

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Devitt ◽  
R.L. Morris ◽  
L.K. Fenstermaker
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Mixed Response ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
The Impact

We investigated foliar damage to five landscape species sprinkler irrigated with either reuse water or one of five synthesized saline waters that contained elevated single salts mixed with Colorado River water, all having similar electrical conductivities. The experiment allowed us to compare the impact of elevated concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, and SO4 on an index of visual damage (IVD), tissue ion concentrations, and spectral reflectance. Waters containing elevated concentrations of MgCl2 or NaCl caused greater foliar damage than did MgSO4, Na2SO4, CaSO4, or reuse water, as recorded in higher IVD values (p < 0.05). Privet and elm were damaged to a greater extent (higher IVD values) than were desert willow, guava and laurel (p < 0.05). Higher IVD values were recorded for all species irrigated with the MgCl2 waters, with mortality recorded in privet. Tissue nutrient concentrations were correlated with the IVD values. In the case of guava, 61% of the variability in the IVD could be accounted for based on N, P and K (P < 0.01). On a treatment basis, the single salts added to the municipal water showed little correlation with the IVD values, except in the case of MgCl2, where Mg was included in the regression equation (r2 = 0.82, P < 0.01, IVD↑ as S04↓, Mg and P↑). Eleven different spectral indices separated based on treatment and/or species (P < 0.05). In elm, 70% of the variability in the IVD could be accounted for by including Red Edge, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Water Band Index (WBI)/NDVI. A mixed response was observed to a post 30-day irrigation rinse in an attempt to reduce IVD values. Based on our results, care should be given to monitoring not only the EC (and osmotic potential) but also the ionic composition when saline waters are blended with other water sources, with the aim of minimizing the concentration of Mg, Cl, and Na.

scholarly journals Foliar Damage and Flower Production of Landscape Plants Sprinkle Irrigated with Reuse Water

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1871-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Devitt ◽  
R.L. Morris ◽  
L.K. Fenstermaker ◽  
M. Baghzouz ◽  
D.S. Neuman
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Southern Nevada ◽  
Foliar Damage

Nineteen flowering landscape species were sprinkle irrigated with either reuse water or fresh water, with an additional treatment of reuse water plus shade (solar radiation reduced by 24%), for 113 days during late summer and early fall in southern Nevada. The species selected were common to mixed landscape areas on golf courses in southern Nevada transitioning to reuse water. An index of visual damage (IVD) was assessed, along with an assessment of flower production, canopy temperature, tissue ion analysis and spectral reflectance. The IVD values separated based on species (p < 0.001), treatment (p < 0.001) and by a species by treatment interaction (p < 0.001). Irrigating with reuse water plus shade reduced the IVD compared to the reuse without shade in 7 of the 19 species (p < 0.05). When IVD values were included for all species, 40% of the variation in the IVD values could be accounted for if N, B, Ca, Mg, Na, and Zn were included in the regression equation. Higher r2 values were obtained when individual species were isolated, with regression equations differing based on tissue ion combinations [e.g., ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) r2 = 0.81 IVD↑, Na↓, Mn↑]. Three vegetation indices chlorophyll index (CHL), red/far red (R/FR) and water band index/normalized difference vegetation index (WBI/NDVI)) accounted for 51% of the variation in the IVD values. As much as 72% of the variation in vegetation indices could be accounted for based on tissue ion concentrations when separated based on treatment, with Na being the only common ion in all of the highest correlations. Flower production was highest in the reuse plus shade treatment in all 13 species flowering during the experimental period, with as much as 86% of the flower production variation driven by different tissue ion concentrations [purple cup (Nierembergia hippomanica), r2 = 0.86, flowers↑, Mn↑, Zn↓]. Nine of the nineteen species had acceptable levels of foliar damage (IVD < 2.0). We believe that if the spray irrigation can be minimized (bubblers/drip) and/or partial shade provided, through multi-story landscape designs, a more favorable response will be observed.

scholarly journals Impact of Water Treatment on Foliar Damage of Landscape Trees Sprinkle Irrigated with Reuse Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
D. A. Devitt ◽  
R. L. Morris ◽  
D. S. Neuman
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Prunus Cerasifera ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Chilopsis Linearis

Abstract An experiment was conducted on four container-grown tree species placed under five different irrigation reuse water treatments to determine the extent of foliar damage after a 14.5-month period. The tree species included Heritage oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘Heritage’), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis (Cav.)/Sweet), flowering plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh ‘Atropurpurea’), and Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis Bunge). Plant response and an index of visual damage (IVD) were assessed at different times throughout the experiment. Ion concentrations in the leaf tissue were different for species (S) (p &lt; 0.001), treatment (T) (Na, K, SO4, p &lt; 0.05) and by a species by treatment interaction (S × T) (Na, Ca, Mg, K and SO4, p &lt; 0.05). SPAD measurements varied by S (p &lt; 0.001), T (p &lt; 0.001) and by an S × T interaction (p &lt; 0.045). SPAD measurements decreased as the leaf tissue Na concentration increased (SPAD = 47.49 – 12.46(Na), r2 = 0.38, p &lt; 0.01). The IVD varied by S (p &lt; 0.001), T (p &lt; 0.001) and by an S × T interaction (p &lt; 0.001). Na, Ca and SO4 tissue ion concentrations could account for 52% of the variability in the IVD (IVD =−1.93 + 4.63(Na) + 2.60(Ca)−0.001(SO4), p &lt; 0.01). Because the irrigation treatment resulting in the lowest IVD was species dependent, irrigation treatment selection should be based upon an evaluation of the landscape species composition and the potential cost of implementing a given strategy. The response observed in this study suggests that a single universal irrigation strategy does not exist, indicating that emphasis must be placed on initial and replacement plant selection.

Pore-Scale Oil Connectivity and Displacement by Controlled-Ionic-Composition Waterflooding Using Synchrotron X-Ray Microtomography

SPE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tianzhu Qin ◽  
Paul Fenter ◽  
Mohammed AlOtaibi ◽  
Subhash Ayirala ◽  
Ali AlYousef
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Carbonate Rock ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Sulfate Concentration ◽  
Pore Scale ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Oil Displacement ◽  
The Impact

Summary Controlled-ionic-composition waterflooding is an economic and effective method to improve oil recovery in carbonate oil reservoirs. Recent studies show controlling the salinity and ionic composition of injection water can alter the wettability of carbonate mineral surfaces. The pore-scale oil connectivity and displacement by controlled-ionic-composition waterflooding in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, especially at the early stage, is still unclear. The goal of this study is to examine the role of ion concentrations and types in the oil displacement efficiency and investigate the impact of the waterflooding on the pore-scale oil displacement using the national synchrotron facility. A carbonate rock sample was flooded with synthetic high-salinity water and other water solutions with different sulfate concentrations. The waterflooding processes were visualized with synchrotron X-ray microtomography to follow the evolution of pore-scale oil/brine interactions at typical field flow rates. Experimental results show that the water with lower sulfate concentration and higher salinity did not change the wettability of the pore surfaces. Higher sulfate ion concentrations in the water, in contrast, altered the wettability of carbonate pore surfaces from oil-wet to neutral-wet within the first few minutes of waterflooding. Novel insight was gained on the ability of water with high-sulfate concentration to displace oil in the small pores and through abundant oil channels, which could consequently lead to higher oil recovery from the carbonate rock.

Climate-forced changes of bio-productivity of Belorussian terrestrial ecosystems

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
S. A. Lysenko
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Trend ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Current Century ◽  
The Impact

The spatial and temporal particularities of Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) changes over territory of Belarus in the current century and their relationship with climate change were investigated. The rise of NDVI is observed at approximately 84% of the Belarus area. The statistically significant growth of NDVI has exhibited at nearly 35% of the studied area (t-test at 95% confidence interval), which are mainly forests and undeveloped areas. Croplands vegetation index is largely descending. The main factor of croplands bio-productivity interannual variability is precipitation amount in vegetation period. This factor determines more than 60% of the croplands NDVI dispersion. The long-term changes of NDVI could be explained by combination of two factors: photosynthesis intensifying action of carbon dioxide and vegetation growth suppressing action of air warming with almost unchanged precipitation amount. If the observed climatic trend continues the croplands bio-productivity in many Belarus regions could be decreased at more than 20% in comparison with 2000 year. The impact of climate change on the bio-productivity of undeveloped lands is only slightly noticed on the background of its growth in conditions of rising level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Urban Fire Severity and Vegetation Dynamics in Southern California

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Lauren E. H. Mathews ◽  
Alicia M. Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Burn Severity ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Riparian Areas ◽  
The Impact

A combination of satellite image indices and in-field observations was used to investigate the impact of fuel conditions, fire behavior, and vegetation regrowth patterns, altered by invasive riparian vegetation. Satellite image metrics, differenced normalized burn severity (dNBR) and differenced normalized difference vegetation index (dNDVI), were approximated for non-native, riparian, or upland vegetation for traditional timeframes (0-, 1-, and 3-years) after eleven urban fires across a spectrum of invasive vegetation cover. Larger burn severity and loss of green canopy (NDVI) was detected for riparian areas compared to the uplands. The presence of invasive vegetation affected the distribution of burn severity and canopy loss detected within each fire. Fires with native vegetation cover had a higher severity and resulted in larger immediate loss of canopy than fires with substantial amounts of non-native vegetation. The lower burn severity observed 1–3 years after the fires with non-native vegetation suggests a rapid regrowth of non-native grasses, resulting in a smaller measured canopy loss relative to native vegetation immediately after fire. This observed fire pattern favors the life cycle and perpetuation of many opportunistic grasses within urban riparian areas. This research builds upon our current knowledge of wildfire recovery processes and highlights the unique challenges of remotely assessing vegetation biophysical status within urban Mediterranean riverine systems.

scholarly journals Bulk Drag Predictions of Riparian Arundo donax Stands through UAV-Acquired Multispectral Images

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1333
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Francesco Cesare Lama ◽  
Mariano Crimaldi ◽  
Vittorio Pasquino ◽  
Roberta Padulano ◽  
Giovanni Battista Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Arundo Donax ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Giant Reed ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Drainage Channel ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Riparian Plants ◽  
The Impact

Estimating the main hydrodynamic features of real vegetated water bodies is crucial to assure a balance between their hydraulic conveyance and environmental quality. Riparian vegetation stands have a high impact on vegetated channels. The present work has the aim to integrate riparian vegetation’s reflectance indices and hydrodynamics of real vegetated water flows to assess the impact of riparian vegetation morphometry on bulk drag coefficients distribution along an abandoned vegetated drainage channel fully covered by 9–10 m high Arundo donax (commonly known as giant reed) stands, starting from flow average velocities measurements at 30 cross-sections identified along the channel. A map of riparian vegetation cover was obtained through digital processing of Unnamed Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-acquired multispectral images, which represent a fast way to observe riparian plants’ traits in hardly accessible areas such as vegetated water bodies in natural conditions. In this study, the portion of riparian plants effectively interacting with flow was expressed in terms of ground-based Leaf Area Index measurements (LAI), which easily related to UAV-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The comparative analysis between Arundo donax stands NDVI and LAI map enabled the analysis of the impact of UAV-acquired multispectral imagery on bulk drag predictions along the vegetated drainage channel.

scholarly journals Vegetation Dynamic Assessment by NDVI and Field Observations for Sustainability of China’s Wulagai River Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2528
Author(s):  
Panpan Chen ◽  
Huamin Liu ◽  
Zongming Wang ◽  
Dehua Mao ◽  
Cunzhu Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Vegetation Dynamic ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
The Impact

Accurate monitoring of grassland vegetation dynamics is essential for ecosystem restoration and the implementation of integrated management policies. A lack of information on vegetation changes in the Wulagai River Basin restricts regional development. Therefore, in this study, we integrated remote sensing, meteorological, and field plant community survey data in order to characterize vegetation and ecosystem changes from 1997 to 2018. The residual trend (RESTREND) method was utilized to detect vegetation changes caused by human factors, as well as to evaluate the impact of the management of pastures. Our results reveal that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of each examined ecosystem type showed an increasing trend, in which anthropogenic impact was the primary driving force of vegetation change. Our field survey confirmed that the meadow steppe ecosystem increased in species diversity and aboveground biomass; however, the typical steppe and riparian wet meadow ecosystems experienced species diversity and biomass degradation, therefore suggesting that an increase in NDVI may not directly reflect ecosystem improvement. Selecting an optimal indicator or indicator system is necessary in order to formulate reasonable grassland management policies for increasing the sustainability of grassland ecosystems.

scholarly journals Coastal Mangrove Response to Marine Erosion: Evaluating the Impacts of Spatial Distribution and Vegetation Growth in Bangkok Bay from 1987 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Xiao ◽  
Fenzhen Su ◽  
Dongjie Fu ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Chong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Impact

Long time-series monitoring of mangroves to marine erosion in the Bay of Bangkok, using Landsat data from 1987 to 2017, shows responses including landward retreat and seaward extension. Quantitative assessment of these responses with respect to spatial distribution and vegetation growth shows differing relationships depending on mangrove growth stage. Using transects perpendicular to the shoreline, we calculated the cross-shore mangrove extent (width) to represent spatial distribution, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to represent vegetation growth. Correlations were then compared between mangrove seaside changes and the two parameters—mangrove width and NDVI—at yearly and 10-year scales. Both spatial distribution and vegetation growth display positive impacts on mangrove ecosystem stability: At early growth stages, mangrove stability is positively related to spatial distribution, whereas at mature growth the impact of vegetation growth is greater. Thus, we conclude that at early growth stages, planting width and area are more critical for stability, whereas for mature mangroves, management activities should focus on sustaining vegetation health and density. This study provides new rapid insights into monitoring and managing mangroves, based on analyses of parameters from historical satellite-derived information, which succinctly capture the net effect of complex environmental and human disturbances.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations of Daytime Land Surface Temperature and Their Underlying Drivers over Wuhan, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Liang Chen ◽  
Xuelei Wang ◽  
Xiaobin Cai ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Xiaorong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature Difference ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Rapid urbanization greatly alters land surface vegetation cover and heat distribution, leading to the development of the urban heat island (UHI) effect and seriously affecting the healthy development of cities and the comfort of living. As an indicator of urban health and livability, monitoring the distribution of land surface temperature (LST) and discovering its main impacting factors are receiving increasing attention in the effort to develop cities more sustainably. In this study, we analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of LST of the city of Wuhan, China, from 2013 to 2019. We detected hot and cold poles in four seasons through clustering and outlier analysis (based on Anselin local Moran’s I) of LST. Furthermore, we introduced the geographical detector model to quantify the impact of six physical and socio-economic factors, including the digital elevation model (DEM), index-based built-up index (IBI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), population, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the LST distribution of Wuhan. Finally, to identify the influence of land cover on temperature, the LST of croplands, woodlands, grasslands, and built-up areas was analyzed. The results showed that low temperatures are mainly distributed over water and woodland areas, followed by grasslands; high temperatures are mainly concentrated over built-up areas. The maximum temperature difference between land covers occurs in spring and summer, while this difference can be ignored in winter. MNDWI, IBI, and NDVI are the key driving factors of the thermal values change in Wuhan, especially of their interaction. We found that the temperature of water area and urban green space (woodlands and grasslands) tends to be 5.4 °C and 2.6 °C lower than that of built-up areas. Our research results can contribute to the urban planning and urban greening of Wuhan and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the city.

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