scholarly journals Nursery Production of Helleborus x hybridus: Management of Nitrogen and Substrate pH

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-212
Author(s):  
Helen T. Kraus ◽  
Stuart L. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
Substrate Ph

Abstract One-year-old seedlings of Helleborus x hybridus Hort. Ex Vilmorin (Lenten rose) were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers filled with a pine bark substrate amended with one of five rates of dolomitic limestone [0, 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, or 5.4 kg/m3 (0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 lb/yd3)]. Substrate pH responded quadratically with increasing rate of dolomitic limestone (DL) producing a range of substrate pH from 4.5 to 6.9. Nitrogen application rates (NARs) ranging from 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter were applied with every irrigation. Top dry weight was affected by NAR, DL, and NAR × DL rate interaction. When no DL was added to the substrate, top dry weight increased quadratically with increasing NARs with maximum dry weight occurring with N at 124 mg/liter. However, when the substrate was amended with DL at 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, or 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) top dry weight increased linearly with increasing NARs with maximum top dry weight of 15 g to 16 g (0.53 oz and 0.56 oz) occurring with N at 160 mg/liter. Contrast analysis comparing DL rates within each NAR revealed DL rates of 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) produced greater top growth compared to growth at the DL rate of 0 kg/m3 (0 lb/yd3) at NARs of 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter. Furthermore, when fertilized with N at 40, 80 or 160 mg/liter, top dry weight produced with DL rates of 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) did not differ within each NAR. Root dry weight was unaffected by NARs and NAR × DL rate interaction. Rate of DL affected root dry weight with the largest increase in root growth occurring with DL between 0 kg/m3 and 1.4 kg/m3 (0 lb/yd3 and 3 lb/yd3). Root-to-top ratio (RTR) responded quadratically with increasing NAR with the lowest RTR occurring with N at 140 mg/liter. Foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Fe concentrations were unaffected by rate of DL and NAR × DL rate, whereas foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were affected by NARs. Foliar N, P, K, and S concentrations responded quadratically to increasing NARs; foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were linear; and foliar Fe concentration was unaffected by NARs.

scholarly journals Composted Turkey Litter: II. Effect on Plant Growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen H. Tyler ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Ted E. Bilderback ◽  
Katharine B. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Nutrient Response ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Abstract Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ and Hemerocallis sp. ‘Red Magic’ plants were potted into a pine bark substrate amended with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16% (by vol) composted turkey litter and were grown under 1-, 2-, or 3-day irrigation frequencies. Root dry weight of ‘Red Magic’ daylily plants decreased with increasing compost rate while leaf dry weight was not affected by compost addition. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of daylily plants were enhanced when compost was added to the substrate but were decreased by the water stress associated with the reduced irrigation frequencies. Leaf, stem, and root dry weights of ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster plants decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency. Even though compost increased container capacity and available water, there was not sufficient water in the container to maintain optimal growth under reduced irrigation frequencies. ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster leaf and stem dry weights increased with increasing compost rate while root dry weight decreased with increasing compost rate. Decreasing irrigation frequency increased foliar N, P, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations but decreased foliar P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B contents. Increasing compost rate increased foliar N, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B concentrations and foliar N, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B contents. Based on foliar nutrient response and plant growth, it appeared that compost adequately replaced the dolomitic limestone, micronutrients, and macronutrients added to the commercial substrate.

scholarly journals Gibberellin A3 Treatment of Seeds, Container Volume, Substrate pH, and Nitrogen Source and Rate Influence Growth of Containerized Seabeach Amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Norden ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
David L. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gibberellin A3 ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Substrate Ph

Seeds of seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus Raf.), a species federally listed as ‘threatened,’ were stratified (moist-chilled) for 90 days at 4C (39F) or treated with a solution of the potassium (K) salt (K-salt) of gibberellin A3 (K-GA3) at 1000 mg·liter−1 (ppm) for 24 hr. After treatment, both groups of seeds were sown in containers of two volumes, 139 or 635 cm3 (9 or 39 in3) with a substrate of peat:pine bark (1:1, v/v) amended with one of two rates of pulverized dolomitic lime [2.24 or 4.48 kg·m−3 (3.8 or 7.6 lb·yd−3)]. Containers were maintained in a greenhouse. After seedling emergence, seedlings were fertilized with a 20N-4.4P-16.6K (20N-10P205-20K20) acidic, water soluble fertilizer or a 15N-2.2P-12.5K (15N-5P205-15K20) basic, water soluble fertilizer applied thrice weekly at nitrogen (N) application rates (NARs) of 75, 150, 225, or 300 mg·liter−1. The study was terminated 8 weeks after seeds were sown and data recorded. Regardless of fertilizer, acidic or basic, top dry weight and leaf area of seabeach amaranth increased linearly with increasing NAR. Maximum top dry weight and leaf area occurred with N at 300 mg·liter−1, whereas root dry weight was unaffected by NAR. Both fertilizers increased electrical conductivity (EC) linearly with increasing NAR, and EC values of 1.15 to 1.18 dS·m−1 were adequate for maximum top growth or leaf area. Substrate pH decreased linearly with increasing NAR 21, 43, and 57 days after initiation. Top and root dry weights and leaf area were greatest for seedlings derived from seeds treated with K-GA3. Large containers yielded top and root dry weights and leaf area 61, 33, and 57% greater, respectively, than smaller containers. Top N concentration increased linearly with increasing NAR for acidic and basic fertilizers with N concentrations of 58.4 and 50.4 mg·g−1, respectively, at maximum top dry weight. Although top nutrient content of N increased linearly with NAR, top N content was unaffected by either rate of lime or type of fertilizer.

scholarly journals Olivine: A Potential Magnesium Source for Container Production

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
James E. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Factorial Combination ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
The Media ◽  
Top Dry Weight

Abstract Fraser photinia, ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ juniper and ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea were grown in pine bark amended with a factorial combination of five rates (0, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 kg/m3) (0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 lbs/yd3) of olivine, a magnesium ortho silicate containing 27% Mg and four particle sizes of olivine. Calcium carbonate (38% Ca) at 2.4 kg/m3 (4 lbs/yd3) was incorporated into all olivine treatments. A separate treatment utilizing 4.2 kg/m3 (7 lbs/yd3) dolomitic limestone (22% Ca, 11% Mg) was also included to serve as a comparison to dolomitic limestone. In general, Mg concentration in the media increased with increasing olivine rate and decreasing particle size. Media P, K and Ca concentration and pH were not affected by olivine rate or particle size, nor were they significantly different from the treatment containing dolomitic limestone. Foliar Mg increased with increasing olivine rate in all species. Foliar K decreased with increasing olivine rate for ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea and Fraser photinia. Top dry weight of ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ juniper was not affected by olivine rate or particle size while top dry weight of ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea and Fraser photinia increased quadratically with increasing olivine rate, with the maximum occurring at 0.9 kg/m3 (1.5 lbs/yd3) and 1.8 kg/m3 (3.0 lbs/yd3), respectively. These maximum top dry weights were significantly heavier than plants grown with dolomitic limestone.

Response of Eckespoint Lilo poinsettia to nitrite, substrate pH and etridiazole in a subirrigation system

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
Theo J. Blom ◽  
Brian D. Piott
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Nitrite Concentration ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution

Poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. 'Eckespoint Lilo') were grown in pH-adjusted (4.5, 5.5 or 6.5) sphagnum peat substrates and subirrigated using a complete nutrient solution with three concentrations of nitrite (0, 1.75 and 3.5 mol m−3). The substrate also was either treated with a nitrification inhibitor (etridiazole) or remained untreated. There was a linear decrease in leaf and bract areas, top dry weight, plant height and root growth with increasing nitrite concentration. This response occurred at a rate of 10% mol−1 NO2− m−3 at a substrate pH of 4.5 or 5.5 and 6% mol−1 NO2 m−3 at a substrate pH of 6.5. Leaf and bract areas and top dry weight were greater at pH 4.5 than at pH 6.5. Etridiazole did not affect the response of plant growth to nitrite and (or) substrate pH. Key words: Aaterra, 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole, subirrigation, terrazole, truban

scholarly journals Propagation of Iranian Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) by Rooted Stem Cuttings

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
Hamid HASSANPOUR ◽  
Mohamad ALI SHIRI
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Cornelian Cherry ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Cornus Mas ◽  
Nursery Production

Clonal propagation of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) from cuttings will permit nursery production of cloned Cornelian cherry and encourage selection of superior genotypes. The effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations, five genotypes and two types of media on root performance of Cornelian cherry cuttings were investigated. The percentage of rooted cuttings, mean root length, average root number per cutting, root fresh weight and root dry weight were recorded after three months. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of the auxin treatments. Regression analysis for determination of appropriate equation was performed. The IBA treatment increased the rooting percentage in genotype C1, C3 and C4 but did not affect that of genotype C2 and C5. The maximum rooting percentage, mean root length, average root number per cutting, root fresh weight and root dry weight was obtained for C3 genotype and in sand media. No statistically significant correlation was observed between callusing and other measured parameters but the rest of parameters correlate statistically with rooting. According to the regression results, it was clear that the pattern of quadratic function was better than other models for rooting. The highest rooting percentage was obtained from C3 genotype. Therefore, clonal production of this genotype is practical.

scholarly journals Effect of Prodiamine and Oxadiazon on Growth of Bedding Plants and Ground Covers

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Janet C. Henderson-Cole ◽  
Michael A. Schnelle
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Japanese Barberry ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Bedding Plant

Abstract Four bedding plant species, rose periwinkle, petunia, geranium, and scarlet salvia; four ground cover cultivars, golden Japanese barberry, common periwinkle, Bowles periwinkle, and greater periwinkle; and pots seeded with two weed species, crabgrass or pigweed were sprayed with 0, 1.1 or 4.5 kg ai/ha (0, 1.0 or 4.0 lb/A) prodiamine (Barricade) or 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb/A) oxadiazon (Ronstar). Heights or dry weights or both of all bedding plant species decreased linearly with increasing prodiamine (Barricade) application rates. Ground covers were not affected by oxadiazon (Ronstar) or prodiamine (Barricade) except for a reduction in root dry weight of common periwinkle with prodiamine (Barricade) applications. Crabgrass and pigweed were completely controlled by prodiamine (Barricade) throughout the growing season, but oxadiazon (Ronstar) lost its effectiveness after three months.

scholarly journals Initial Growth of Seedlings of Mountain Laurel as Influenced by Day/Night Temperature

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 736-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiah A. Malek ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
James E. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Mountain Laurel

Seedlings of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) were grown for 16 weeks under long-day conditions with days at 18, 22, 26, or 30C for 9 hours in factorial combination with nights at 14, 18, 22, or 26C for 15 hours. Total plant dry weight, top dry weight, and dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots were influenced by day and night temperatures. The night optimum for all dry weight categories was 22C. Dry matter production was lowest with nights at 14C. Total plant dry weight and dry weights of tops, leaves, and stems were maximized with days at 26C, but for roots the optimum was 22C. Dry weight accumulation was lower with days at 18 or 30C. Responses of leaf area were similar to that of total plant dry weight, with optimum days and nights at 26 and 22C, respectively. Within the optimal day/night temperature range of 22-26/22C for dry weights, there was no evidence that alternating temperatures enhanced growth. Shoot: root ratios (top dry weight: root dry weight) increased with day temperatures up to 30C and were highest with nights at 14 or 26C. Leaf weight ratio (leaf dry weight: total plant dry weight) decreased with increasing night temperature, and increased curvilinearly in response to day temperature with the minimum at 26C. Stem weight ratio (stem dry weight: total plant dry weight) increased with increasing day or night temperature. Root weight ratio (root dry weight: total plant dry weight) was highest with nights at 18 or 22C and decreased with days >22C. Net leaf photosynthetic rate was maximized with days at 26C.

scholarly journals Initial Growth of Seedlings of Flame Azalea in Response to Day/Night Temperature

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiah A. Malek ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
James E. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Seedlings of flame azalea [Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr] were grown for 12 weeks under long-day conditions with days at 18, 22, 26, or 30C for 9 hours in factorial combination with nights at 14, 18, 22, or 26C for 15 hours. Total plant dry weight, top dry weight, leaf area, and dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots were influenced by day and night temperatures and their interactions. Dry matter production was lowest with nights at 14C. Root, leaf, top, and total dry weights were maximized with days at 26C in combination with nights at 18 to 26C. Stem dry weight was maximized with days at 26 to 30C and nights at 22C. Leaf area was largest with days at 18 and 26C in combination with nights at 18 or 26C. Within the optimal, day/night temperature range of 26 C/18-26C for total plant dry weight, there was no evidence that alternating temperatures enhanced growth. Shoot: root ratios (top dry weight: root dry weight) were highest with days at 18 and 30C. Leaf area ratio (total leaf area: total plant dry weight) was highest and specific leaf area (total leaf area: leaf dry weight) was largest when days and nights were at 18C and were lower at higher temperatures. Regardless of day/night temperature, leaf weight ratio (leaf dry weight: total plant dry weight) was higher than either the stem weight ratio (stem dry weight: total plant dry weight) or root weight ratio (root dry weight: total plant dry weight). Net leaf photosynthetic rate increased with day temperatures up to 30C.

scholarly journals Growth and Landscape Establishment of Pyracantha and Juniperus after Application of Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1318-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Juniperus Chinensis ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Landscape Establishment

The long-term effects of paclobutrazol applied to container-grown `Mojave' pyracantha (Pyracantha ×) and `San Jose' juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) were investigated. Paclobutrazol was applied as a drench to container-grown (2.8 liter) plants at the rates of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg a.i./pot in June 1991, and plants were transplanted to the field in Feb. 1992. Pyracantha plant height, shoot and root dry weight, and total biomass (shoot dry weight + root dry weight) decreased quadratically as rate of paclobutrazol increased during nursery production. Paclobutrazol had no effect on plant height or shoot dry weight of Juniperus, although width indices were reduced. Ratings for root quality for Juniperus in containers increased as rate of paclobutrazol increased. After 9 months in the landscape, paclobutrazol still influenced plant height, width, and shoot dry weight for Pyracantha but had no effect on Juniperus. As rate of application increased, fruit retention on Pyracantha increased. Paclobutrazol applied as a container medium drench at 5 mg a.i./pot was excessive during nursery production of Pyracantha and Juniperus. Chemical name used: [(2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-yl)penten-3-ol] (paclobutrazol).

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Anemone x hybrida

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-148
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques B. Dubois ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Single Crown ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Propagation Material

Abstract Uniform single crown plantlets of Anemone x hybrida Paxton ‘Margarete’ were grown in 3.8-liter (#1) containers filled with a substrate of composted pine bark:sand (8:1 by vol). Plants were fertilized three times weekly for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution at nitrogen application rates (NARs) of 10, 40, 80, 150 or 300 mg/liter (ppm) nitrogen (N), in a constant ratio of 1 ammonium:2 nitrate. All other nutrients were held constant. Leaf area, top dry weight, and root dry weight increased with increasing NAR until reaching a plateau at a NAR of 144 ± 21 mg/liter (ppm), 158 ± 28 mg/liter (ppm), and 119 ± 30 mg/liter (ppm), respectively. The proportion of fine roots to thick roots was unaffected, and production of propagation material (root cuttings) reached a plateau at a NAR of 108 ± 28 mg/liter (ppm). Leaf concentrations of N, P, and K at maximum leaf area were 4.7%, 0.5%, and 3.5%, respectively.

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