Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Anemone x hybrida

Abstract Uniform single crown plantlets of Anemone x hybrida Paxton ‘Margarete’ were grown in 3.8-liter (#1) containers filled with a substrate of composted pine bark:sand (8:1 by vol). Plants were fertilized three times weekly for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution at nitrogen application rates (NARs) of 10, 40, 80, 150 or 300 mg/liter (ppm) nitrogen (N), in a constant ratio of 1 ammonium:2 nitrate. All other nutrients were held constant. Leaf area, top dry weight, and root dry weight increased with increasing NAR until reaching a plateau at a NAR of 144 ± 21 mg/liter (ppm), 158 ± 28 mg/liter (ppm), and 119 ± 30 mg/liter (ppm), respectively. The proportion of fine roots to thick roots was unaffected, and production of propagation material (root cuttings) reached a plateau at a NAR of 108 ± 28 mg/liter (ppm). Leaf concentrations of N, P, and K at maximum leaf area were 4.7%, 0.5%, and 3.5%, respectively.

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Gibberellin A3 Treatment of Seeds, Container Volume, Substrate pH, and Nitrogen Source and Rate Influence Growth of Containerized Seabeach Amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus)

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898.30.2.65 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 65-72

Author(s):

Daniel S. Norden ◽

Stuart L. Warren ◽

Frank A. Blazich ◽

David L. Nash

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Gibberellin A3 ◽

Application Rates ◽

Top Dry Weight ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Substrate Ph

Seeds of seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus Raf.), a species federally listed as ‘threatened,’ were stratified (moist-chilled) for 90 days at 4C (39F) or treated with a solution of the potassium (K) salt (K-salt) of gibberellin A3 (K-GA3) at 1000 mg·liter−1 (ppm) for 24 hr. After treatment, both groups of seeds were sown in containers of two volumes, 139 or 635 cm3 (9 or 39 in3) with a substrate of peat:pine bark (1:1, v/v) amended with one of two rates of pulverized dolomitic lime [2.24 or 4.48 kg·m−3 (3.8 or 7.6 lb·yd−3)]. Containers were maintained in a greenhouse. After seedling emergence, seedlings were fertilized with a 20N-4.4P-16.6K (20N-10P205-20K20) acidic, water soluble fertilizer or a 15N-2.2P-12.5K (15N-5P205-15K20) basic, water soluble fertilizer applied thrice weekly at nitrogen (N) application rates (NARs) of 75, 150, 225, or 300 mg·liter−1. The study was terminated 8 weeks after seeds were sown and data recorded. Regardless of fertilizer, acidic or basic, top dry weight and leaf area of seabeach amaranth increased linearly with increasing NAR. Maximum top dry weight and leaf area occurred with N at 300 mg·liter−1, whereas root dry weight was unaffected by NAR. Both fertilizers increased electrical conductivity (EC) linearly with increasing NAR, and EC values of 1.15 to 1.18 dS·m−1 were adequate for maximum top growth or leaf area. Substrate pH decreased linearly with increasing NAR 21, 43, and 57 days after initiation. Top and root dry weights and leaf area were greatest for seedlings derived from seeds treated with K-GA3. Large containers yielded top and root dry weights and leaf area 61, 33, and 57% greater, respectively, than smaller containers. Top N concentration increased linearly with increasing NAR for acidic and basic fertilizers with N concentrations of 58.4 and 50.4 mg·g−1, respectively, at maximum top dry weight. Although top nutrient content of N increased linearly with NAR, top N content was unaffected by either rate of lime or type of fertilizer.

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Influence of nitrogen form on growth of invasive species Acer negundo L. and Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) swingle

Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta ◽

10.2298/gsf1205061g ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 61-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matilda Djukic ◽

Danijela Djunisijevic-Bojovic ◽

Mihailo Grbic ◽

Dragana Skocajic ◽

Dragica Obratov-Petkovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Ailanthus Altissima ◽

Acer Negundo ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

The Impact

Relative amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen, the most abundant macro-element, and also the distribution of ammonium ions in relation to nitrate ions, in the soils of different ecosystems, are determined by many factors. The most important are: temperature, pH of substrate, accumulation of organic matter, presence of allelopathic compounds, degree of oxygenation, etc. The ability of plants to adapt to these variations influences their production of bio-mass, the rate of expansion in different habitats, and the impact on ecosystem and biodiversity. This paper analyzes the impact of different forms of nitrogen (NO3 - and NH4 +) on the growth of seedlings of invasive species Acer negundo L. and Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. The results show that nitrogen nutrition only in the form of NH4 + ions significantly affects the reduction in shoot dry weight. Compared to the nutrition with both forms of nitrogen together, aerial parts of Ailanthus altissima were reduced by 62.5%, and leaf area by 66.7%, while Acer negundo seedlings had reduction in dry mass of aboveground part by 89.5%, root by 81.2% and leaf area by 85.8%. Nutrition with nitrate form of nitrogen led to a proportionally small, but statistically significant decrease in dry mass of aboveground parts and roots as well as leaf area of Acer negundo, while in Ailanthus altissima seedlings, it was only the mass reduction of aboveground parts that was significantly influenced, so it can be assumed that this species is more resistant to the lack of both forms of nitrogen. The fact that both species produced significantly more biomass when nitrogen was present in both forms may be important in controlling the spread of alien species, or in their potential use in phytoremediation.

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Whole-Plant Response of Selected Woody Landscape Species to Uniconazole

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-9.3.163 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 163-167

Author(s):

Stuart L. Warren ◽

Frank A. Blazich ◽

Mack Thetford

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Specific Leaf Weight ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Top Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Abstract Uniconazole was applied as a foliar spray or medium drench to six woody landscape species: ‘Sunglow’ azalea; flame azalea; ‘Spectabilis’ forsythia; ‘Compacta’ holly; ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly; and mountain pieris. One hundred days after uniconazole application, leaf, stem, and top dry weight of all species, except flame azalea and mountain pieris, decreased as uniconazole concentration increased. Compared to controls, stem and leaf dry weight were reduced by uniconazole 18 to 60% and 13 to 32%, respectively, depending on species and method of application. Stem dry weight was reduced to a greater degree, compared to leaf dry weight. For all species, drench application was more effective than foliar spray in reducing leaf, stem, and top dry weight. Leaf area of ‘Spectabilis’ forsythia and ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly decreased with increasing rates. However, specific leaf weight was not affected. Uniconazole did not significantly affect leaf net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance or internal leaf CO2 concentrations in ‘Spectabilis’ forsythia or ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly. No phytotoxicity was observed on any species.

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Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Thuja x ‘Green Giant’

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-17.2.76 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 76-79

Author(s):

Jason J. Griffin ◽

Stuart L. Warren ◽

Frank A. Blazich ◽

Thomas G. Ranney

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

N Application ◽

Root Area ◽

Application Rates ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Plastic Containers ◽

Complete Nutrient Solution

Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Green Giant’ arborvitae (Thuja L. x ‘Green Giant’) were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) plastic containers containing a pine bark: sand (8:1 by vol) substrate. Plants were fertilized three times weekly for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution at N application rates (NARs) of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/liter (ppm) supplied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Both shoot and root dry weights were significantly affected by NAR. Maximum shoot weight, as predicted by a quadratic plateau model, was reached at a NAR of approximately 100 mg/liter (ppm), representing a 200% increase over controls [0 mg/liter (ppm) N]. Maximum and minimum root dry weights occurred at 0 mg/liter (ppm) N and approximately 50 mg/liter (ppm) N, respectively, representing a 37% decrease. Root length decreased 36% at a NAR of approximately 50 mg/liter (ppm). Root diameter (root area ÷ root length) increased before reaching a plateau at approximately 130 mg/liter (ppm) N indicating that root length decreased faster than root area at low N concentrations. Shoot concentrations of N, P, Mg, and S were maximized at approximately 71,41,48, and 52 mg/liter (ppm) N, respectively. Uptake of K and Ca were unaffected by N concentrations.

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POTTED GERANIUM (PELARGONIUM × HORTORUM) GROWTH WITH LEACHING FRACTIONS OF O to 0.4

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1104a ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1104a-1104

Author(s):

Catherine S.M. Ku ◽

David R. Hershey

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Medium Ph ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Top Dry Weight ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Geranium `Yours Truly' in 15-cm diameter plastic pots were greenhouse-grown as single pinched plants in a completely randomized design. Plants were irrigated with 300 mg/liter N from 20N-4.4P-16.6K with leaching fractions (LF) of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4. There were 24 irrigations during the 8-week study. Plants with LF of 0.2 and 0.4 had 46% greater leaf area, 40% greater top fresh weight, and 37% greater top dry weight than plants with LF of 0 and 0.1. By week 5 the leachate electrical conductivity (EC) for LF of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 had increased from about 3 dS/m initially to 12, 8, and 4 dS/m, respectively. At harvest, medium ECe was 7, 4, 3, and 2 dS/m for LF of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4, respectively. At harvest, medium pH was the same in the top, middle, and bottom thirds of the pot. At harvest medium ECe with LF of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 was 47, 68, and 60% lower in the bottom two-thirds of the pot than in the top third. With a LF of 0 the medium ECe was not lower in the bottom of the pot. Minimizing the LF for potted geraniums substantially reduced plant growth.

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Influence of nitrogen nutrition and watering regime on the nitrogen concentration and quality of tobacco leaves

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9740671 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 14 (70) ◽

pp. 671 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

AD Johnson ◽

RW Knowlton

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Split Application ◽

Leaf Quality ◽

Tobacco Leaves ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Applied Nitrogen

The effects of different levels of applied nitrogen, times of application of nitrogen and watering regimes on the nitrogen concentration of tobacco leaves, were studied in a series of glasshouse experiments. Time of nitrogen application was also studied in the field. Increasing the nitrogen supply increased dry weight and area of leaves but did not produce an increase in nitrogen concentration of leaves especially in the middle plant position. A significant increase in nitrogen concentration of leaves in the middle plant position was achieved by either split application of nitrogen or by imposing a regular watering stress during growth. The restricted watering treatment also reduced dry weight and area of leaves. Relatively high concentrations of nitrogen in the upper leaves resulted from late application of nitrogen and an experiment using labelled nitrogen confirmed that most late applied nitrogen was incorporated into upper leaves. Changes in leaf nitrogen concentration from time of removal of the inflorescence to final harvest are shown. A field experiment confirmed the glasshouse findings on time of nitrogen application and permitted cured leaf quality assessments to be made. Best leaf quality was produced by split application of nitrogen

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Response of Eckespoint Lilo poinsettia to nitrite, substrate pH and etridiazole in a subirrigation system

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps94-032 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 151-154

Author(s):

Theo J. Blom ◽

Brian D. Piott

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Root Growth ◽

Key Words ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽

Nitrite Concentration ◽

Top Dry Weight ◽

Substrate Ph ◽

Complete Nutrient Solution

Poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. 'Eckespoint Lilo') were grown in pH-adjusted (4.5, 5.5 or 6.5) sphagnum peat substrates and subirrigated using a complete nutrient solution with three concentrations of nitrite (0, 1.75 and 3.5 mol m−3). The substrate also was either treated with a nitrification inhibitor (etridiazole) or remained untreated. There was a linear decrease in leaf and bract areas, top dry weight, plant height and root growth with increasing nitrite concentration. This response occurred at a rate of 10% mol−1 NO2− m−3 at a substrate pH of 4.5 or 5.5 and 6% mol−1 NO2 m−3 at a substrate pH of 6.5. Leaf and bract areas and top dry weight were greater at pH 4.5 than at pH 6.5. Etridiazole did not affect the response of plant growth to nitrite and (or) substrate pH. Key words: Aaterra, 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole, subirrigation, terrazole, truban

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Propagation of Anemone x hybrida by Root Cuttings

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-18.2.79 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 79-83

Author(s):

Jean-Jacques B. Dubois ◽

Frank A. Blazich ◽

Stuart L. Warren ◽

Barry Goldfarb

Keyword(s):

Potassium Salt ◽

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Cultivar Differences ◽

Constant Ratio ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Indolebutyric Acid ◽

Regeneration Time ◽

Regenerated Plants ◽

Complete Nutrient Solution ◽

Shoot Emergence

Abstract Stock plants of Anemone x hybrida Paxton ‘Honorine Jobert’ and ‘Richard Ahrens’ were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) containers for 30 weeks beginning in April, and fertilized daily with a complete nutrient solution providing 10, 40, 80 or 150 mg/liter (ppm) nitrogen (N), in a constant ratio of 1 ammonium: 2 nitrate. At the end of 30 weeks (November), 4-cm-long root cuttings were harvested from the stock plants and treated with the potassium salt of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA) at 0, 100, 500 or 1000 mg/liter (ppm), then placed in cell packs containing a pine bark-based substrate, one cutting per cell. The containers were arranged under intermittent mist in a heated greenhouse. Overall, 91% of the cuttings regenerated a complete plant. There were cultivar differences in regeneration, and the highest K-IBA concentration was inhibitory to ‘Honorine Jobert’. Nitrogen nutrition of the stock plants, K-IBA treatment of the root cuttings, and fresh weight of the root cuttings, had no significant effect on percent regeneration. Time to shoot emergence was reduced by higher rates of N applied to the stock plants, and increased at the highest concentration of K-IBA in ‘Honorine Jobert’, but not in ‘Richard Ahrens’. Dry weights of the regenerated plants increased with increasing weight of the cuttings from which they originated. They were related linearly to rate of N applied to the stock plants in ‘Honorine Jobert’, and quadratically in ‘Richard Ahrens’, with maximum plantlet weight predicted at 114 mg/liter (ppm) N. At the observed optimal rate of N applied to the stock plants, dry weights of the regenerated plants increased with increasing K-IBA concentration, in a quadratic manner. Maximum plantlet weight is predicted at 459 mg/liter (ppm) K-IBA in ‘Honorine Jobert’, and at 425 mg/liter (ppm) in ‘Richard Ahrens’.

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003 Epidemiology and Control of Pepper Stip

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.441b ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 441B-441

Author(s):

Richard Smith ◽

Robert Mullen ◽

Tim Hartz

Keyword(s):

Total Nitrogen ◽

Mineral Nutrition ◽

No Reduction ◽

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Field Studies ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Physiological Disorder ◽

Resistant Cultivars ◽

Application Rates ◽

And Control

Pepper stip is a physiological disorder manifested as gray-brown to greenish spots occurring on the fruit of bell, pimento, Anaheim, and other types of peppers, most noticeably on red fruit that mature under fall conditions. Most hybrid bell cultivars are resistant to the malady; the problem is most severe for pepper growers reliant on less-expensive, open-pollinated cultivars. In 1995, we initiated studies to evaluate the possible link between mineral nutrition and this disorder. Two susceptible open-pollinated cultivars and two resistant hybrid cultivars were grown in randomized plots at seven sites. Significant correlations were seen between the levels of potassium (r = 0.59) and calcium (r = -0.37) in whole leaves and the incidence of stip (P = 0.05). The stip-resistant cultivars also maintained less total nitrogen in the whole leaves than susceptible cultivars (P = 0.05). In 1996 and 1997, we undertook field studies to evaluate the effects of varying calcium and nitrogen application rates. Inconsistent results were observed with calcium applications. Moderate reductions in stip incidence was observed at some sites and no reduction at others following foliar calcium applications. Nitrogen nutrition had no effect on stip severity. In 1998, evaluation of a large number of open-pollinated cultivars was undertaken; `Gusto' showed excellent tolerance to pepper stip, followed by `Taurus' and `Cal Wonder 300'. We conclude that growers that are reliant on open-pollinated cultivars can utilize these cultivars to minimize the incidence of pepper stip.

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Initial Growth of Seedlings of Flame Azalea in Response to Day/Night Temperature

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.117.2.216 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. 216-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Asiah A. Malek ◽

Frank A. Blazich ◽

Stuart L. Warren ◽

James E. Shelton

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Total Leaf Area ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Total Leaf ◽

Total Plant ◽

Top Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Seedlings of flame azalea [Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr] were grown for 12 weeks under long-day conditions with days at 18, 22, 26, or 30C for 9 hours in factorial combination with nights at 14, 18, 22, or 26C for 15 hours. Total plant dry weight, top dry weight, leaf area, and dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots were influenced by day and night temperatures and their interactions. Dry matter production was lowest with nights at 14C. Root, leaf, top, and total dry weights were maximized with days at 26C in combination with nights at 18 to 26C. Stem dry weight was maximized with days at 26 to 30C and nights at 22C. Leaf area was largest with days at 18 and 26C in combination with nights at 18 or 26C. Within the optimal, day/night temperature range of 26 C/18-26C for total plant dry weight, there was no evidence that alternating temperatures enhanced growth. Shoot: root ratios (top dry weight: root dry weight) were highest with days at 18 and 30C. Leaf area ratio (total leaf area: total plant dry weight) was highest and specific leaf area (total leaf area: leaf dry weight) was largest when days and nights were at 18C and were lower at higher temperatures. Regardless of day/night temperature, leaf weight ratio (leaf dry weight: total plant dry weight) was higher than either the stem weight ratio (stem dry weight: total plant dry weight) or root weight ratio (root dry weight: total plant dry weight). Net leaf photosynthetic rate increased with day temperatures up to 30C.

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