scholarly journals Gibberellin A3 Treatment of Seeds, Container Volume, Substrate pH, and Nitrogen Source and Rate Influence Growth of Containerized Seabeach Amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Norden ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
David L. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gibberellin A3 ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Substrate Ph

Seeds of seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus Raf.), a species federally listed as ‘threatened,’ were stratified (moist-chilled) for 90 days at 4C (39F) or treated with a solution of the potassium (K) salt (K-salt) of gibberellin A3 (K-GA3) at 1000 mg·liter−1 (ppm) for 24 hr. After treatment, both groups of seeds were sown in containers of two volumes, 139 or 635 cm3 (9 or 39 in3) with a substrate of peat:pine bark (1:1, v/v) amended with one of two rates of pulverized dolomitic lime [2.24 or 4.48 kg·m−3 (3.8 or 7.6 lb·yd−3)]. Containers were maintained in a greenhouse. After seedling emergence, seedlings were fertilized with a 20N-4.4P-16.6K (20N-10P205-20K20) acidic, water soluble fertilizer or a 15N-2.2P-12.5K (15N-5P205-15K20) basic, water soluble fertilizer applied thrice weekly at nitrogen (N) application rates (NARs) of 75, 150, 225, or 300 mg·liter−1. The study was terminated 8 weeks after seeds were sown and data recorded. Regardless of fertilizer, acidic or basic, top dry weight and leaf area of seabeach amaranth increased linearly with increasing NAR. Maximum top dry weight and leaf area occurred with N at 300 mg·liter−1, whereas root dry weight was unaffected by NAR. Both fertilizers increased electrical conductivity (EC) linearly with increasing NAR, and EC values of 1.15 to 1.18 dS·m−1 were adequate for maximum top growth or leaf area. Substrate pH decreased linearly with increasing NAR 21, 43, and 57 days after initiation. Top and root dry weights and leaf area were greatest for seedlings derived from seeds treated with K-GA3. Large containers yielded top and root dry weights and leaf area 61, 33, and 57% greater, respectively, than smaller containers. Top N concentration increased linearly with increasing NAR for acidic and basic fertilizers with N concentrations of 58.4 and 50.4 mg·g−1, respectively, at maximum top dry weight. Although top nutrient content of N increased linearly with NAR, top N content was unaffected by either rate of lime or type of fertilizer.

scholarly journals Effects of Controlled-Release Fertilizer Placement on Nutrient Leaching and Growth of Bedding Impatiens

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
G.A. Andiru ◽  
C.C. Pasian ◽  
J.M. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer

Bedding impatiens plants were grown with a 16N-3.9P-10K controlled-release-fertilizer (CRF) of 5–6 or 8–9 month longevities placed at four positions in the container: top-dressed, incorporated, top-one-third, and bottom. These were compared to plants grown with a 20N-4.4P-16.6 water-soluble fertilizer (WSF) at a rate of 150 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N) (150 ppm N). All treatments received the same volume of tap water (CRF treatments) or fertilizer solution (WSF treatment), which was enough to achieve a 20 to 30% leaching fraction. Leachates were collected and measured at each irrigation and the concentrations of N, phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) were measured. Shoot dry weight (SDW) and canopy cover (CC) were also determined. Fertilizing with WSF produced plants of similar size as CRF treatments. CRF applied at the bottom of the substrate leached the highest amount of N among all treatments. Higher concentrations for most nutrients were measured in the leachates from containers treated with 5–6 month CRF during the first 20 d after planting than the next 23 to 34 days. The higher levels of nutrients in the leachates observed within two weeks after planting does not support the use of 5–6 month CRF at the application rates used in this experiment with short-cycle plants such as bedding plants in compared to use of WSF. Except for the bottom placement treatment, the use of 8–9 month CRF resulted in generally less nutrients leached than WSF.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Anemone x hybrida

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-148
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques B. Dubois ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Single Crown ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Propagation Material

Abstract Uniform single crown plantlets of Anemone x hybrida Paxton ‘Margarete’ were grown in 3.8-liter (#1) containers filled with a substrate of composted pine bark:sand (8:1 by vol). Plants were fertilized three times weekly for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution at nitrogen application rates (NARs) of 10, 40, 80, 150 or 300 mg/liter (ppm) nitrogen (N), in a constant ratio of 1 ammonium:2 nitrate. All other nutrients were held constant. Leaf area, top dry weight, and root dry weight increased with increasing NAR until reaching a plateau at a NAR of 144 ± 21 mg/liter (ppm), 158 ± 28 mg/liter (ppm), and 119 ± 30 mg/liter (ppm), respectively. The proportion of fine roots to thick roots was unaffected, and production of propagation material (root cuttings) reached a plateau at a NAR of 108 ± 28 mg/liter (ppm). Leaf concentrations of N, P, and K at maximum leaf area were 4.7%, 0.5%, and 3.5%, respectively.

scholarly journals Nursery Production of Helleborus x hybridus: Management of Nitrogen and Substrate pH

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-212
Author(s):  
Helen T. Kraus ◽  
Stuart L. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
Substrate Ph

Abstract One-year-old seedlings of Helleborus x hybridus Hort. Ex Vilmorin (Lenten rose) were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers filled with a pine bark substrate amended with one of five rates of dolomitic limestone [0, 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, or 5.4 kg/m3 (0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 lb/yd3)]. Substrate pH responded quadratically with increasing rate of dolomitic limestone (DL) producing a range of substrate pH from 4.5 to 6.9. Nitrogen application rates (NARs) ranging from 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter were applied with every irrigation. Top dry weight was affected by NAR, DL, and NAR × DL rate interaction. When no DL was added to the substrate, top dry weight increased quadratically with increasing NARs with maximum dry weight occurring with N at 124 mg/liter. However, when the substrate was amended with DL at 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, or 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) top dry weight increased linearly with increasing NARs with maximum top dry weight of 15 g to 16 g (0.53 oz and 0.56 oz) occurring with N at 160 mg/liter. Contrast analysis comparing DL rates within each NAR revealed DL rates of 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) produced greater top growth compared to growth at the DL rate of 0 kg/m3 (0 lb/yd3) at NARs of 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter. Furthermore, when fertilized with N at 40, 80 or 160 mg/liter, top dry weight produced with DL rates of 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3, 6, 9, and 12 lb/yd3) did not differ within each NAR. Root dry weight was unaffected by NARs and NAR × DL rate interaction. Rate of DL affected root dry weight with the largest increase in root growth occurring with DL between 0 kg/m3 and 1.4 kg/m3 (0 lb/yd3 and 3 lb/yd3). Root-to-top ratio (RTR) responded quadratically with increasing NAR with the lowest RTR occurring with N at 140 mg/liter. Foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Fe concentrations were unaffected by rate of DL and NAR × DL rate, whereas foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were affected by NARs. Foliar N, P, K, and S concentrations responded quadratically to increasing NARs; foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were linear; and foliar Fe concentration was unaffected by NARs.

scholarly journals Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth, and soil properties under conditions of salinity

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khaled ◽  
H.A. Fawy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
A Minor

In this study, the effects were investigated of salinity, foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the growth and mineral nutrients uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10), and the comparison was carried out of the soil and foliar applications of humic acid treatments at different NaCl levels. Soil organic contents are one of the most important parts that they directly affect the soil fertility and textures with their complex and heterogenous structures although they occupy a minor percentage of the soil weight. Humic acids are an important soil component that can improve nutrient availability and impact on other important chemical, biological, and physical properties of soils. The effects of foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the plant growth and some nutrient elements uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10) grown at various salt concentrations were examined. Sodium chloride was added to the soil to obtain 20 and 60mM saline conditions. Solid humus was applied to the soil one month before planting and liquid humic acids were sprayed on the leaves twice on 20<sup>th</sup> and 40<sup>th</sup> day after seedling emergence. The application doses of solid humus were 0, 2 and 4 g/kg and those of liquid humic acids were 0, 0.1 and 0.2%. Salinity negatively affected the growth of corn; it also decreased the dry weight and the uptake of nutrient elements except for Na and Mn. Soil application of humus increased the N uptake of corn while foliar application of humic acids increased the uptake of P, K, Mg,Na,Cu and Zn. Although the effect of interaction between salt and soil humus application was found statistically significant, the interaction effect between salt and foliar humic acids treatment was not found significant. Under salt stress, the first doses of both soil and foliar application of humic substances increased the uptake of nutrients.

scholarly journals Exogenous Antioxidants Enhance Seedling Growth and Yield of Artificially Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Ademola Adetunji ◽  
Sershen ◽  
Boby Varghese ◽  
Norman Pammenter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System ◽  
Aged Seeds

Aged seeds exhibit compromised vigour in terms of germination, seedling emergence and growth, but this can to some extent be alleviated by invigoration treatments before sowing. This study aimed to investigate ageing rates and patterns in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds and whether the beneficial effects of invigorating aged seeds with exogenous antioxidants translate to enhanced seedling performance. Seeds were artificially aged to 25% viability before soaking in 0.4 mM glycerol, 0.6 mM GSH and 0.2 mM trolox for cabbage, and 0.6 mM glycerol, GSH and trolox for lettuce; deionised water served as a control. After 14 days of sowing, seedling emergence percentage, mean emergence time, mean daily emergence, and time taken to 25% emergence were computed. Seedling vigour index, root and shoot dry weight, root:shoot ratio, leaf area, leaf area ratio, and leaf chlorophyll content were assessed 6 weeks after sowing. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured 6 weeks after sowing. Notably, ageing resulted in the loss of seed vigour and viability at higher rates in lettuce than cabbage. Seed pretreatment with glycerol promoted seedling growth in both species and shoot dry weight in lettuce, while glycerol and GSH enhanced Pn, Gs and E in lettuce. Trolox also enhanced Pn and E in lettuce. The beneficial effects of the antioxidant treatments are thought to be associated with the protection of photosystems from oxidative stress and/or stimulation of enzymes involved in photosynthesis, possibly through an enhanced antioxidant defence system during the early development stages when seedlings are particularly vulnerable to stress.

scholarly journals Growth of Poinsettias, Nutrient Leaching, and Water-use Efficiency Respond to Irrigation Methods

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 858-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Dole ◽  
Janet C. Cole ◽  
Sharon L. von Broembsen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
The Media ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Ebb And Flow

`Gutbier V-14 Glory' poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex. Klotzsch) grown with ebb-and-flow irrigation used the least amount of water and produced the least runoff, and plants grown with capillary mats used the greatest amount of water and produced the most runoff, compared to microtube and hand-watering systems. The maximum amount of water retained by the pots and media was greatest for the microtube and ebb-and-flow systems and became progressively lower for the hand-watering and capillary mat systems. The media and leachate electrical conductivity from plants grown with subirrigation systems was higher than those grown with top irrigation. For the two top-irrigation systems (microtube and hand-watering), plants grown with 250 mg N/liter from a 20N-4.4P-16.6K water-soluble fertilizer had greater leaf, stem, and total dry weights than those grown with 175 mg N/liter. The two subirrigation systems (ebb-and-flow and capillary mat) produced plants that were taller and had greater leaf, stem, and total dry weights when grown with 175 than with 250 mg N/liter. The higher fertilizer concentration led to increased N, P, Fe, and Mn concentration in the foliage. Nitrogen concentration was higher in top-irrigated plants than in subirrigated plants. The ebb-and-flow system produced the greatest total dry weight per liter of water applied and per liter of runoff; capillary mat watering was the least efficient in regard to water applied and runoff.

scholarly journals Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Salak (Salacca Zallaca) terhadap Dosis Spora Endomikoriza pada Media Pembawa Pasir Kuarsa dan Zeolit

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
NI KADEK ARYANI ◽  
I NYOMAN RAI ◽  
NI NYOMAN ARI MAYADEWI
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf P

Response of Salak Seedlings (Salacca Zallaca) Growth to Dosage of Endomycorrhizal Spore in Quartz Sand and Zeolite Carrier Media. This study aimed to study the effect of endomycorrhizal spore dosage and carrier media that were applied directly to the roots of salak plants. The research designed as factorisl by using Randomized Block Design with 2 treatment factors. The first factor was number of endomycorrhiza spores consists of 4 levels i.e 0, 75, 150, and 225 spores per 500 g carrier media per polybag, while the second factor was the type of carrier media consist of 2 levels i.e zeolite and quartz sand. The results showed that interaction between endomycorrhizal spore dosage with   carrier   media   did   not   significantly   influence   the   growth   of   salak   seedlings. Endomycorrhizal spores in doses of 75, 150 and 225 spores per polybag increased root infection and leaf P nutrient content compared to control, but seed height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and total dry weight of seedlings not significantly difference. The zeolite carrier media caused root infection by mycorrhizal was higher than quartz sand media, but the P nutrient uptake and seedling growth were not significantly different. Based on the results of this study it is necessary to make a longer observation of the effect of endomycorrhizal spore doses and carrier media on the growth of salak seedlings.

scholarly journals Validation of a Fertilizer Potential Acidity Model to Predict the Effects of Water-soluble Fertilizer on Substrate pH

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1061-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Fisher ◽  
William R. Argo ◽  
John A. Biernbaum
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Stable Substrate ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Over Time

Two experiments were run to validate a “Nitrogen Calcium Carbonate Equivalence (CCE)” model that predicts potential fertilizer basicity or acidity based on nitrogen (N) form and concentration for floriculture crops grown with water-soluble fertilizer in containers with minimal leaching. In one experiment, nine bedding plant species were grown for 28 days in a peat-based substrate using one of three nutrient solutions (FS) composed of three commercially available water-soluble fertilizers that varied in ammonium to nitrate (NH4+:NO3–) ratio (40:60, 25:75, or 4:96) mixed with well water with 130 mg·L−1 calcium carbonate (CaCO3) alkalinity. Both the ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) content of the FS and plant species affected substrate pH. Predicted acidity or basicity of the FS for Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. (impatiens), Petunia ×hybrida E. Vilm. (petunia), and Pelargonium hortorum L.H. Bailey (pelargonium) from the Nitrogen CCE model was similar to observed pH change with an adjusted R2 of 0.849. In a second experiment, water alkalinity (0 or 135.5 mg·L−1 CaCO3), NH4+:NO3– ratio (75:25 or 3:97), and N concentration (50, 100, or 200 mg·L−1 N) in the FS were varied with impatiens. As predicted by the N CCE model, substrate pH decreased as NH4+ concentration increased and alkalinity decreased with an adjusted R2 of 0.763. Results provide confidence in the N CCE model as a tool for fertilizer selection to maintain stable substrate pH over time. The limited scope of these experiments emphasizes the need for more research on plant species effects on substrate pH and interactions with other factors such as residual limestone and substrate components to predict pH dynamics of containerized plants over time.

scholarly journals Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization on Growth and Flowering of Scaevola aemula R. Br. `New Wonder'

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1728-1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donglin Zhang ◽  
Renae E. Moran ◽  
Lois B. Stack
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Rate ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Acidic Nature

Scaevola aemula R.Br. (fanflower), an ornamental plant native to Australia, produces stunted growth when fertilized with high concentrations of P. To determine optimum P concentration, rooted cuttings were transplanted into 15 cm standard pots and grown with a water soluble fertilizer, where P concentrations were 0, 14.5, 29.0, 43.5, 58.0, 72.5, 87.0 mg·L-1 and all plants received 200 mg·L-1 N and 166 mg·L-1 K. Shoot growth and flowering data were taken every 21 days until the experiment was terminated after 84 days. Shoot length, number and dry weight, and leaf size were reduced significantly at P concentrations higher than 14.5 mg·L-1 with severe reduction at P levels higher than 43.5 mg·L-1. Number of flowers per plant was not affected by P concentrations in the range of 0 to 43.5 mg·L-1, but decreased significantly at P levels higher than 43.5 mg·L-1. Medium pH decreased with increase in P rate due to the acidic nature of the P fertilizer. When P was applied in every irrigation, the optimum concentration was 14.5 mg·L-1 or less. P greater than 43.5 mg·L-1 was detrimental to vegetative growth and flowering, possibly due to above optimum P or to medium acidification.

scholarly journals Coir as an Alternative to Peat in Media for Tomato Transplant Production

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Arenas ◽  
C.S. Vavrina ◽  
J.A. Cornell ◽  
E.A. Hanlon ◽  
G.J. Hochmuth
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Summer Fruit

Sixteen media prepared from peat, coir, vermiculite, or perlite were used to determine the optimum growing media for tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) transplants. Medium composition did not affect tomato seed emergence, although seedling emergence was higher in winter (90%) than summer (85%). Greatest transplant root dry weight, stem diameter, and leaf area were achieved in 50% to 75% peat + 25% to 50% vermiculite in summer. In winter, greatest transplant root dry weight, stem diameter, and leaf area were achieved in eight media: 100% peat, 75% peat + 25% vermiculite, 75% peat + 25% perlite, 50% peat + 50% vermiculite, 50% peat + 50% perlite, 25% peat + 50% coir + 25% vermiculite, 50% peat + 25%coir + 25% vermiculite, and 25% peat +25% coir +25% vermiculite +25% perlite. Transplants grown with >50% coir exhibited reduced plant growth compared to peat-grown transplants, a response that may be associated with high N immobilization by microorganisms and high C:N ratio. Despite transplant growth differences during the summer, fruit yields generally were unaffected by transplant media.

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