scholarly journals Effect of Prodiamine and Oxadiazon on Growth of Bedding Plants and Ground Covers

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Janet C. Henderson-Cole ◽  
Michael A. Schnelle
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Japanese Barberry ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Bedding Plant

Abstract Four bedding plant species, rose periwinkle, petunia, geranium, and scarlet salvia; four ground cover cultivars, golden Japanese barberry, common periwinkle, Bowles periwinkle, and greater periwinkle; and pots seeded with two weed species, crabgrass or pigweed were sprayed with 0, 1.1 or 4.5 kg ai/ha (0, 1.0 or 4.0 lb/A) prodiamine (Barricade) or 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb/A) oxadiazon (Ronstar). Heights or dry weights or both of all bedding plant species decreased linearly with increasing prodiamine (Barricade) application rates. Ground covers were not affected by oxadiazon (Ronstar) or prodiamine (Barricade) except for a reduction in root dry weight of common periwinkle with prodiamine (Barricade) applications. Crabgrass and pigweed were completely controlled by prodiamine (Barricade) throughout the growing season, but oxadiazon (Ronstar) lost its effectiveness after three months.

scholarly journals 130 Impact of Fertilizer N Forms on Bedding Plant Development

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 464A-464
Author(s):  
Dharmalingam S. Pitchay ◽  
Paul V. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Application ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
N Form

It is a common practice in greenhouses to apply fertilizers with a high proportion of N in the NO3 form to achieve short, compact shoots and a moderate (25% or greater) proportion of NH4 or urea for large shoots. However, this practice is not substantiated in the scientific literature. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to assess effects of N form on development. In the first, Petunia hybrida `Mid-night Dreams' was treated with five ratios of NH4:NO3 or urea:NO3 in a factorial arrangement with three concentrations of N (50-low, 100-adequate, and 200-high mg/L at each irrigation). In the second experiment six species of bedding plants were treated in a factorial arrangement of five ratios of NH4:NO3 and two pH levels (acceptably low, 5.4-5.8, and unacceptably low, 4.6-5.2). In all comparisons, height and dry weight of shoots grown with 100% NO3 were equal or larger than the plants grown with combinations of N. There was a general trend for plants to be shorter and lighter at higher NH4 or urea proportions. These results refute the hypothesis that shoot size is under the control of N form. Depth of green foliar color correlated positively with proportion of NH4 or urea. Reputed NH4 toxicity symptoms of chlorosis, necrosis, and curling of older leaves occurred only at adversely low pH levels below 5.2 in experiment 2. Resistance of plants to this disorder under conditions of pH levels in the range of 5.4 to 5.8, high N application rates, and applications of 100% NH4 indicates that bedding plants during commercial production are fairly resistant to this disorder.

scholarly journals Cekaman Garam NaCl danTeknik Aplikasi Azolla pada Tanaman Padi

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
Fitri Krismiratsih ◽  
Sugeng Winarso ◽  
Slamerto Slamerto
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Application Technique ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Salinity Levels

Efforts to increase production potential can be carried out by extensification in a less productive saline land. Salinity is a major problem in the growth of most plants. Azolla is a plant that is sensitive to salinity, but if it is applied well, it can grow optimally at high salinity levels. The purpose of this study is to obtain an azolla application technique that is effective in increasing the adaptation of rice plants to NaCl saline soil conditions. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was the azolla application technique consisted of 3 levels: fresh azolla composted, fresh azolla immersed, and fresh azolla as a ground cover. The second factor was the levels of NaCl salt stress consisted of 4 levels: control DHL 0, 2, 4, and 8 dS m-1. The adaptation ability of rice plants based on variable plants height growth rate, number of tillers, strove dry weight, root dry weight, stomata density, leaf chlorophyll (SPAD), age of flowering, number of paddy grain, and harvest index. The results showed how to test content up to 2 dS m-1 which increased rice growth especially the application of azolla composted. Increasing stress to 4 and 8 dS m-1showed bad effects on vegetative, physiology, and yields of rice components. The stronger of salt stress the higher all plants growth variables except the age of flowering that actually showed the acceleration of flowering. Application of composted azolla can increase the root dry weight and azolla as a ground cover can increase the numbers of paddy grains.   Keywords: azolla, NaCl, rice, stress

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bedding Plant Varieties for Resistance to Phytophthora

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Banko ◽  
Marcia A. Stefani
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Zinnia Angustifolia ◽  
Prairie Gentian ◽  
New Look

Abstract Seedlings of several annual and perennial bedding plant species were inoculated with an isolate of Phytophthora nicotianae (synonym = P. parasitica) and planted into field beds in a simulated landscape situation. Throughout the growing season, growth measurements and disease ratings of the inoculated plants were compared with those of non-inoculated control plants of the same species in identical beds. Phytophthora-inoculated plants that continued to thrive through most of the growing season included Ageratum houstonianum, Celosia ‘Apricot Brandy’, and ‘New Look’; Dahlia ‘Harlequin’; Eustoma grandiflorum (prairie gentian); Lobularia ‘Carpet of Snow’; Nicotiana ‘Alta Dwarf White’, ‘Domino Salmon’, and ‘Nicki Red’; Pelargonium (geranium) ‘Multibloom Scarlet Eye’; Petunia ‘Polo Salmon’, and ‘Sugar Daddy’; Portulaca ‘Sundial Peppermint’; Rudbeckia ‘Rustic Dwarf’; Salvia ‘Lady in Red’, and ‘Victoria Blue’; Tagetes (marigold) ‘Disco Mix’, ‘Inca Orange’, ‘Inca Yellow’, ‘Janie Harmony Improved’, and ‘Gold Fireworks’; and Zinnia angustifolia. Plants that performed poorly following inoculation with Phytophthora include Antirrhinum (snapdragon) ‘Liberty White’, and ‘Liberty Mix’; Catharanthus (vinca) ‘Little Bright Eye’, and ‘Tropicana Rose’; Hibiscus ‘Disco Belle Mix’; Impatiens ‘Accent Bright Eye’; Leucanthemum x ‘Alaska’; Melampodium ‘Medallion’; Salvia ‘Turkestanica’; Torenia ‘Clown Mix’; Verbena ‘Imagination’; and Viola (pansy) ‘Fama See Me’. This study identifies bedding plant taxa which will provide an acceptable display in landscape beds infested with Phytopthora nicotianae (synonym = P. parasitica).

The effect of a wide range of fertilizer nitrogen application rates and defoliation intervals on the dry-matter production, seasonal response to nitrogen, persistence and aspects of chemical composition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perennecv. S.24)

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Bartholomew ◽  
D. M. B. Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Small Plot

SUMMARYA small-plot experiment was made to assess the influence on dry-matter output from grass of a wide range of fertilizer nitrogen and defoliation interval treatments. There were five defoliation treatments, 22, 28, 45, 75 and 112-day regrowth intervalsroughout the growing season each at six levels of nitrogen application, ranging by 300 kg increments from 0 to 1500 kg/ha/year.There was a marked interaction effect between treatments; a positive dry-matter response was maintained to a higher level of applied nitrogen with more frequent defoliation. In 2 years out of 3 maximum dry-matter yield was produced under a 75·day defoliation interval although the mean yield advantage over a 45-day defoliation system was only 11%. Mean yield of digestible dry matter appeared to reach a maximum under a 45·day defoliation interval at 600 kg N/ha but at the lower levels of N the maximum yield was reached at the longest growth interval.Seasonal response to nitrogen under the 22–day and 28–day defoliation systems measured as the increase in yield resulting from increased N at each cutting date reached its peak in July–August. Application for these short growth periods early and late in the growing season appeared to be a relatively inefficient use of nitrogen.The less frequently the sward was harvested and the higher the nitrogen application the greater was the reduction in ground cover as estimated by eye at the end of the growing season, this reached an estimated 25% reduction under 112·day defoliation at 300 kg N/ha/year.In relation to published figures nitrate content of herbage did not reach dangerous levels until nitrogen application reached levels beyond those at which maximum dry·matter yield was achieved.

scholarly journals 193 The Effect of Bedding Plant Plug Source on Postplug Production

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 475D-475
Author(s):  
Jeff S. Kuehny ◽  
Aaron Painter ◽  
Patricia C. Branch
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Of Year

Plug production has increased the finished quality and uniformity of bedding plants, making them one of the most important greenhouse crops grown. The wide range of cultural practices used by different growers to produce plugs, may influence the efficacy of plant growth regulators applied to the same crop in postplug production. Ten bedding plant species were grown from plugs obtained from two sources using different cultural practices. The plugs were transplanted to jumbo six packs and sprayed with either chlormequat/daminozide tank mix, ancymidol, or paclobutrazol at three concentrations at three times of year. The effect of each plant growth regulator varied by plant species and time of year applied. Source of plug material did have a significant effect on height and time of flowering of finished bedding plants and the use of plant growth regulators did not minimize the differences in height between sources in most cases.

scholarly journals Growth, Quality, and Economic Value Responses of Bedding Plants to Reduced Water Usage

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Guo ◽  
Terri Starman ◽  
Charles Hall
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
French Quarter ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dry Down

This study analyzed the effects of two ranges of drying down of substrate moisture content (SMC) before re-watering on plant growth and development, postproduction quality, and economic value of bedding plants grown in 1.67-L containers during greenhouse production. The two SMC treatments were wide-range (WR) SMC (WR-SMC) for dry-down from container capacity (CC) of 54% SMC dried down to 20% SMC or narrow-range (NR) SMC (NR-SMC) for dry-down from CC of 54% SMC dried down to 40% SMC. Six bedding plant cultivars were used [Solenostemon scutellarioides ‘French Quarter’ (coleus); Petunia ×hybrida ‘Colorworks Pink Radiance’ (petunia); Lantana camara ‘Lucky Flame’ (lantana); Impatiens ×hybrida ‘Sunpatiens Compact Hot Coral’ (SCC); ‘Sunpatiens Spreading Lavender’ (SSL) (impatiens); and Salvia splendens ‘Red Hot Sally II’ (salvia)]. Shoot dry weight was reduced with WR-SMC on petunia, lantana, impatiens SCC, and salvia at the end of production. With WR-SMC, the petunia and impatiens SCC root ball coverage percentages were greater on the bottom of the container, whereas those of impatiens SSL and salvia were reduced. The WR-SMC increased petunia postproduction quality by increasing the flower number. Lantana and impatiens SCC inflorescence/flower and/or bud number were reduced with WR-SMC. The impatiens SSL flower number was unaffected by SMC treatment. Salvia grown with WR-SMC had increased postproduction quality. WR-SMC reduced postproduction water potential in petunia, lantana, and coleus, suggesting that plants with WR-SMC during production were acclimated to reduced irrigation administered during postproduction. WR-SMC saved labor due to less frequent watering and overhead-associated costs due to reduced bench space, with the exception of coleus and impatiens SSL, which used the same bench space as NR-SMC. Considering production and/or postproduction quality, using WR-SMC during greenhouse production is beneficial as an irrigation method for coleus, petunia, impatiens SSL, and salvia, but not for impatiens SCC or lantana grown in 1.67-L containers.

scholarly journals Plug Source and Growth Retardants Affect Finish Size of Bedding Plants

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff S. Kuehny ◽  
Aaron Painter ◽  
Patricia C. Branch
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Catharanthus Roseus ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Salvia Splendens ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Significant Difference

Eight bedding plant species were grown from plugs obtained from two sources. The plugs were transplanted into jumbo six packs and sprayed with a solution of chlormequat/daminozide with concentrations of 1000/800, 1250/1250, or 1500/5000 mg·L-1 when new growth was ≈5 cm in height or width. Three different species were grown in the fall (Dianthus chinensis L., `Telstar Mix', Petunia ×hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr., `Dreams Red', and Viola ×wittrockiana Gams., `Bingo Blue'), winter [Antirrhinum majus L., `Tahiti Mix', Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br., `Midget Red', and P. × hybrida, `Dreams Mix'], and spring [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, `Cooler Pink', Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult., `Empire Red', and Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum Hort., `Cocktail Mix']. The treatments significantly reduced finished plant size of all species for each season. There was a significant difference in finish size between sources for Dianthus, Antirrhinum, Matthiola, Catharanthus, Salvia, and Begonia. The efficacy of chlormequat/daminozide also differed for each source of Dianthus, Matthiola, and Begonia, but the treatments minimized the differences in finish size between sources for Petunia and Viola. Chemical names used: (2-chlorethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat); (N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid) (daminozide).

Screening Perennial Bedding Plants for Response to Plant Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 446e-447
Author(s):  
Joyce G. Latimer ◽  
Paul A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Monarda Didyma

Perennial bedding plant species were tested for response to single treatments of Sumagic (0, 15, 30, 45, or 60 ppm), Bonzi (0, 40, 80, 120, or 160 ppm), Cycocel (0, 750, 1500, 2250, or 3000 ppm) or B-Nine (5000 ppm, applied twice) applied during greenhouse production in Spring 1997. Plant height of both Chrysanthemum parthenium and Malva alcea had a quadratic response to Sumagic and Bonzi rates, with excessive height reductions at the lowest application rates at 4 weeks after treatment. All rates of Cycocel reduced plant height of C. parthenium and M. alcea by 33% and 40%, respectively. These species did not establish in the landscape. Verbena bonariensis was moderately responsive to Sumagic and Bonzi, but not Cycocel. Application rates of 15 and 30 ppm Sumagic or 160 ppm Bonzi provided moderate height control without landscape persistence beyond 4 weeks after planting. Leucanthemum × superbum `Alaska' was responsive to Sumagic and Bonzi, but not Cycocel or B-Nine. Rates of 15 ppm Sumagic or 40 ppm Bonzi provided moderate control without landscape persistence. Plant height of Monarda didyma `Blue Stocking' had a linear response to Sumagic and Bonzi rates. Plant height of Rudbeckia fulgida var. Sullivantii `Goldstrum' was reduced by Bonzi and Sumagic but not B-Nine or Cycocel, with recommended rates of 30 to 40 ppm Sumagic or 160 ppm Bonzi. Treatment of Sedum × `Autumn Joy' with Sumagic resulted in excessive landscape persistence of growth retardation at all rates, but Sedum was not responsive to Cycocel. Veronica alpina `Sunny Border Blue' was responsive to all rates of Cycocel, but growth retardation persisted through 12 weeks after planting.

Water relations of winter wheat: 1. Growth of the root system

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Gregory ◽  
M. McGowan ◽  
P. V. Biscoe ◽  
B. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Root Dry Weight

SummaryThe production of root axes and the growth of the root system are reported for a commercially grown crop of Maris Huntsman winter wheat. Soil cores were extracted on 17 occasions during the growing season permitting a detailed study of root length and root dry weight with depth and time.Production of seminal root axes was complete by the beginning of March when all plants possessed six (occasionally seven) axes which persisted throughout the life of the crop. Nodal axes were produced continuously from mid-February until late May and finally numbered approximately 20 stem nodal axes per main stem. Total root dry weight increased exponentially until the beginning of April and then almost linearly to reach a maximum of 105 g root/m2 field in mid-June (anthesis). After anthesis, total root dry weight decreased but root growth continued below 80 cm. From April onwards, approximately 65% of the total root dry weight was in the 0–30 cm layer.

scholarly journals Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Gazania rigens Pot Plant Cultivation in a Mediterranean Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo SABATINO ◽  
Fabio D’ANNA ◽  
Livio TORTA ◽  
Giorgio FERRARA ◽  
Giovanni IAPICHINO
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Bedding Plant

Herbaceous plants used in island beds and borders need to be rapid growing, high performing and maintaining good visual quality during the growing season. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi application is acquiring interest for its beneficial effects on ornamental bedding plants. Gazania rigens is a herbaceous ornamental plant grown for its large daisy-like flowers. The species thrives in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean region, particularly in the mild climate of southern Italy and Sicily, where performs well in summer bedding schemes in sea side gardens even in dry and windy conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis on several ornamental parameters of Gazania rigens. Prior to transplanting, three-months-old plants received a mycorrhizal inoculum carrying 40 spores g-1 of Rhizophagus irregularis. Inoculum was applied at a rate of 10 g plant-1. The AM application significantly increased number of flowers per clump by 100% and number of flowers per plant by 124.0%. Rhizophagus irregularis also positively influenced number of leaves per plant, plant height, and roots dry weight. Our findings indicated that mycorrhizal inoculation with R. irregularis may be beneficial to nursery growers wishing to produce high quality gazania for spring-summer bedding plant schemes.

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