scholarly journals Landscape Establishment for Baldcypress, Red Maple, and Chaste tree is Delayed for Trees Transplanted from Larger Containers1

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Garcia Chance ◽  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Sean T. Carver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Photosynthetic Gas Exchange ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Transplant Shock ◽  
Agnus Castus ◽  
Chaste Tree

Abstract With container-grown trees offered to the public in an increasing array of sizes, it is important to determine the effects of different sizes of container stock on transplant establishment. Clonal replicates of Vitex agnus-castus, Acer rubrum var. drummondii, and Taxodium distichum grown under common nursery conditions in five container sizes, 3.5, 11.7, 23.3, 97.8, or 175.0 L (#1, #3, #7, #25, or #45, respectively), were transplanted to a sandy clay loam field. Physiological stress was measured using xylem water potential and photosynthetic gas exchange rates. Height, trunk diameter, and canopy spread were monitored post-transplant for three growing seasons and root growth was sampled for the first two growing seasons. Trees of all three species from smaller-sized containers, 23.3 L (#7) or less, exhibited reduced transplant shock, decreased establishment time and increased growth rates in comparison to larger-sized containers, apart from increased mortality in 3.5 L (#1) A. rubrum and slower growth in 3.5 L (#1) T. distichum compared to those transplanted from 11.7 L (#3) or 23.3 L (#7) containers Reduced stress levels and increased growth rates corresponded in timing with greater change in root extension of smaller container-grown trees. At the end of three growing seasons, no statistical differences in height or trunk diameter were present for V. agnus-castus container sizes. With a modest wait, consumers may find that smaller container-grown trees will overcome transplant stress more quickly and exhibit growth rates that surpass those of larger container-grown trees. Index words: Acer rubrum, Taxodium distichum, Vitex agnus-castus, container-grown trees, transplant shock, transplant establishment, photosynthesis, transpiration, water stress. Species used in this study: Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus L. [an unnamed white flowering clone]); red maple (Acer rubrum L. var. dummondii [Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.] Sarg. ‘Maroon'); bald cypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. [test clone TX8DD38]).

scholarly journals Growth of Three Shade Tree Genera as Influenced by Irrigation and Nitrogen Rates

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
R.D. Wright ◽  
E.B. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The influence of N rates and irrigation on shoot growth and trunk diameter were evaluated for red maple (Acer rubrum, L. ‘October Glory’), pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh) and dogwood (Cornus florida L. ‘Barton’). Irrigation increased shoot growth and trunk diameter for all 3 species during the first 2 growing seasons. Tree height and trunk diameter at the end of the third growing season were also greater for irrigated trees. Increasing the N levels from 168 to 329 Kg N/ha (150 to 300 lb N/A) resulted in a decrease in trunk diameter the first year and a decrease in shoot growth the second year in ‘October Glory’ maple. No significant differences in oak growth due to N rate were observed. Shoot growth and trunk diameter for dogwood were greater at 329 kg N/ha (300 lb N/A) than at 168 kg N/ha (150 lb N/A) only the first year. Neither height or trunk diameter at end of the third year were significantly increased from applying the higher level of N for any of the genera.

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

scholarly journals Tree Transplant Size Influences Post-Transplant Growth, Gas Exchange, and Leaf Water Potential Of ‘October Glory’ Red Maple

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Lauderdale ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Donald J. Eakes ◽  
Gary J Keever ◽  
Arthur H. Chappelka
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Effects of red maple transplant size [3.8 cm (1.5 in, small) and 7.6 cm (3.0 in, large) trunk diameter] on growth were evaluated at park and residential planting sites in Mobile, AL, during 1993 and 1994. Gas exchange and leaf water potential of transplants were monitored. Small trees had greater shoot elongation than large trees during both growing seasons. In 1994, small trees had greater height increases than large trees. Trunk diameter increases of small transplants were twice those of large transplants in 1994. Photosynthesis, leaf conductance, transpiration, and water use efficiency were higher for small transplants than large transplants on every observation date. In August 1993, pre-dawn and daily leaf water potentials were higher (less negative) for small trees than for large trees.

Vegetation responses to simulated emerald ash borer infestation inFraxinus nigradominated wetlands of Upper Michigan, USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua C. Davis ◽  
Joseph P. Shannon ◽  
Nicholas W. Bolton ◽  
Randall K. Kolka ◽  
Thomas G. Pypker
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sapling Growth ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Herbaceous Community

The invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)) is a significant threat to biodiversity and ecosystem processes in North American forests. Of particular concern is the fate of Fraxinus nigra (black ash), which is frequently a dominant canopy species across much of its range. To investigate the potential vegetation response to the loss of this foundation species, EAB-induced mortality was simulated in F. nigra dominated wetlands of Upper Michigan, USA. No growth response of residual overstory species occurred over the course of three growing seasons, which may in part be attributed to negative effects of post-treatment growing conditions, including prolonged inundation. A significant increase in non-Fraxinus sapling growth rate was observed, however. Mortality of F. nigra did not impact overall stem recruitment or regeneration, although species composition is shifting towards Acer rubrum (red maple) and Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch) in the seedling layer. The herbaceous community exhibited the greatest response, nearly doubling in areal cover by the end of the study. Importantly, this expanded cover was not associated with decreased establishment of new woody seedlings, suggesting that increased competition between these functional groups has not yet impacted the potential for future recovery of woody vegetation in these forests.

scholarly journals Branch Union Morphology Affects Decay Following Pruning

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Jason Grabosky
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Branch Diameter ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Pruning Techniques

Branch diameter relative to the trunk diameter (aspect ratio) affected the extent of discolored and decayed wood in the trunk of seedling-propagated red maple (Acer rubrum L.) after branch removal. More discoloration resulted from removing codominant stems than removing branches that were small compared to the trunk. Removing limbs that originated from lateral buds resulted in the same amount of discoloration and decay as removing suppressed limbs that were once the leader. This result provides indirect evidence that a small codominant stem suppressed by pruning techniques designed to slow its growth rate can result in a branch protection zone at the union. There was no relation between the presence of a bark inclusion and decay 4 years after making pruning cuts.

scholarly journals Cyclanilide Differentially Affects Branching in Red Maple Cultivars and Hybrids

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Michael V. Mickelbart
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Transport Inhibitor ◽  
Total Branch Length ◽  
Auxin Transport Inhibitor ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Tree Production

Abstract Development of the canopy is an important aspect of ornamental shade tree production. Branching can be induced by pruning the apical meristem, but this process is time consuming and costly to growers. Cyclanilide is an auxin transport inhibitor that has been successfully used to eliminate apical dominance and increase branching in a number of tree species. In this study, we tested the effects of cyclanilide application in two years on branching, canopy form, and trunk diameter. Cyclanilide did not cause phytotoxicity symptoms in any cultivar at any rate. Two cultivars, Celebration® (Acer × freemanii A.E. Murray ‘Celzam’) and Sienna Glen® (Acer × freemanii ‘Sienna’) Freeman maples responded to cyclanilide treatments with increased primary and secondary shoots, whereas Red Sunset® red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’) and Autumn Blaze® Freeman maple (Acer × freemanii A.E. Murray ‘Jeffersred’) did not respond to any treatments. Responsive cultivars had approximately double the number of growing points and larger total branch length after second year applications, but this did not result in an increase in trunk caliper. Despite the increased number of shoots produced, overall canopy ratings did not differ among treatments. Cyclanilide had a limited affect on branching in red and Freeman maple whips. Furthermore, if growers choose to utilize this product, they should be aware that cultivar response is likely to vary, and initial testing should be done before making large-scale applications.

scholarly journals Effects of Root Pruning on Container-Grown Maple and Oak

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
Donna Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Similar Growth

Two experiments were conducted on container-grown plants that were actively growing in spring to evaluate the effects of root pruning prior to repotting or planting in a field plot. In experiment 1, severe root pruning significantly reduced height and trunk diameter growth for both ‘Summer Red’ maple (Acer rubrum L) and overcup oak (Quercus lyrata Walt.) after repotting into a larger container. Shoot and root dry weights were less with plants severely root pruned compared to plants that were not root pruned or had been lightly root pruned. Overcup oaks that received no root pruning or were lightly root pruned did not differ in height or trunk growth 24 weeks after study initiation. However, overcup oaks severely root pruned had brown foliage within 10 days of repotting and within 2 months had extensive dieback, which resulted in negative height growth by the end of the study. In experiment 2, ‘Autumn Flame’ red maple that received no root pruning had similar growth to plants that had light root pruning, but was greater than plants that received moderate or severe root pruning during the first growing season in the field. Autumn Flame red maples severely root pruned prior to field planting had 65% less height growth than plants receiving no root pruning during year 1. After four years, shoot and trunk diameter growth was similar among treatments. The number of circling roots at the soil surface decreased as the amount of root pruning increased.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Size at Time of Planting on Tree Growth Rates for Baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich], Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.), and Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Belinda Lambert ◽  
Steven Harper ◽  
Stephen Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Wetland Mitigation ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Red Maple

The ecosystem restoration and wetland mitigation industries are challenged with recreating vegetative communities at an accelerated rate, while at the same time remaining cost effective. These created systems are typically bound by permit conditions to meet certain tree growth criteria in a specified time frame, commonly five years. Stock sizes of container grown trees are generally #1, #3, or #7 (gallons). The purpose of this study was to determine the relative cost effectiveness of these planting sizes for three commonly used species and to assess whether they achieve common success criteria for height, percent survival, and percent cover. These three species are baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich], red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Based on the standard planting density of 174 trees/hectare, the most cost-effective size was #3 in all cases. All three sizes of baldcypress and red maple met the 3.7 m height criterion; no size of longleaf pine met the criterion. All sizes of all species failed to meet both the 85% survival standard and a theoretical minimum 50% cover calculated from canopy diameter measurements. If planting densities are increased to meet cover requirements and to offset mortality, container size #1 may be more favorable for baldcypress and red maple, but not for longleaf pine. The study was conducted in Pinellas County, Florida, U.S.

scholarly journals Styrene-lined and Copper-coated Containers Affect Production and Landscape Establishment of Red Maple

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Brass ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Growth response of two red maple cultivars (Acer rubrum L. `October Glory' and `Northwood') to styrene lining or copper hydroxide coating of 23.3-liter black plastic containers was evaluated. After the first growing season, plants were left in their original container, repotted into 51.2-liter nontreated containers, or transplanted into the landscape. Copper hydroxide effectively reduced circling of roots of both cultivars at the medium–container interface during the first year of production, but was less effective during the second growing season. Repotting from copper-treated containers into 51.2-liter containers or transplanting into the landscape resulted in more fibrous root development and enhanced root regeneration outside the original rootball relative to transplanting from nontreated containers. However, when copper hydroxide was applied to styrene lining, root regeneration after transplanting was reduced. Roots of plants grown in styrene-lined containers covered the medium–container interface more thoroughly than those in nonlined containers, but height, trunk diameter, and root regeneration were similar. `October Glory' had a larger trunk diameter, more branching, and better root regeneration than `Northwood'.

Study of selected properties of red maple wood (Acer rubrum) from the experimental plot of the forest arboretum in Rogów

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Paweł Kozakiewicz ◽  
Kaja McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Static Modulus

Study of selected properties of red maple wood (Acer rubrum) form the experimental plot of the forest arboretum in Rogów. As part of the work, investigation on the dendrometric, physical and mechanical properties of red maple trees and its wood from the Forest Experimental Plant in Rogów has been carried out. The obtained results of the research on the species experimentally introduced in Rogów were compared with the features of the Acer rubrum from the area of natural occurrence in North America. The results of the investigation showed that the trees from the Arboretum area have a lower height, a much smaller trunk diameter and their physical and mechanical properties are weaker than the maple wood grown in native conditions. Despite the above statements, the significant influence of the location of the wood in the trunk (distance to the core) on its density, acoustic properties and static modulus of elasticity, bending and compression strength along the fibers are noted.

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