scholarly journals Optimal Interactive Rainfall Maps (Iraq) in Client Side and Google Earth

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4058-4067
Author(s):  
Hussain Zaydan Ali ◽  
Salih M. Al-Qaraawi ◽  
Ghusoon Eiden Arab
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Map Data ◽  
Client Side ◽  
Term Data

Global environment change has become a worldwide concern in recent years. Rainfall is an important climatologically parameter, and knowledge of its temporal and spatial patterns is useful for researchers working in many disciplines, such as optimal management of agriculture, environment and related activities. Meteorological data coming from stations are the most reliable and used sources to assess the climate condition of an area. Historical records of monthly rainfall data for the time period 2003-2013 were acquired from the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS). The long-term data were collected from 24 weather stations. To obtain optimal maps of rainfall we also used the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). In this paper we tried to explain the possibility of vector format KML and its properties for thematic mapping in Google Earth closer, which is used to display the resulting map outputs. Maps alone are compiled by the client using the Web site browser for transferring input variables to the server, where they are processed and map data is subsequently generated according to client requirements.

scholarly journals Relation of glacier variations to climate changes in Iceland

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddur Sigurdsson ◽  
Trausti Jónsson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Type ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Maximum Extension ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Southern Central

Glacier variations in Iceland have been recorded systematically since the 1930s at 27 different glacier termini. The advance/retreat records of non-surging glaciers show a clear relationship to climate. A change in the climate typically leads to a response at the snout within a time period of 10 years. The records of surge-type and mixed-type glaciers show variations that are unrelated to climate. However, the maximum extension of surge-type glaciers at the end of surges and the minimum extension just before a surge appear to be influenced by long-term climate changes. A strong warming in the 1920s was a turning-point in the climate of Iceland which led to a rapid retreat of most glaciers in the country in the 1930s. The summer temperature fell gradually after 1940, with a notable drop in the mid-1960s. Since about 1970, more than half of the glaciers in Iceland have been advancing. In the western part of the country, the recovery is about one-quarter of the ground lost and in the southern, central and northern parts it is about one-half. In southeastern Iceland, some of the glaciers have been stationary for about 30 years while others have advanced slightly. Glacier snow-budget index computed from meteorological data indicates that the timing of the turning-point around 1970 coincides with a minimum in the cumulative net glacier mass balance.

Understanding Long-Term Changes of Coastal Saltmarshes from Satellite Remote Sensing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Laengner ◽  
Daphne van der Wal
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Remote Sensing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Decision Tree Classification ◽  
Tidal Forces ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time

<p>Saltmarshes are known to be very important coastal ecosystems. They provide crucial functions for flora and fauna, as well as valuable ecosystem services for humankind. Many methods that are used to investigate these ecosystems are limited in space and time. Long time series of global satellite data enable to observe changes in the extent of saltmarshes on a large scale and over a long time period. We developed an unsupervised decision tree classification method in Google Earth Engine that automatically classifies satellite images into saltmarsh vegetation, mudflats, and open water. We applied the method using Landsat 5 TM data between 1985 and 2011. With this, we are able to detect trends in the seaward extent of saltmarshes globally. We reveal transitions between saltmarsh, mudflat and open water. Furthermore, we put saltmarsh habitat changes in a spatial context and couple trends in saltmarsh dynamics to environmental drivers, such as sea level rise, tidal forces, waves, and sediment availability.</p>

scholarly journals Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Giglio ◽  
J. T. Randerson ◽  
G. R. van der Werf ◽  
P. S. Kasibhatla ◽  
G. J. Collatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Local Regression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Area Burned ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. Long term, high quality estimates of burned area are needed for improving both prognostic and diagnostic fire emissions models and for assessing feedbacks between fire and the climate system. We developed global, monthly burned area estimates aggregated to 0.5° spatial resolution for the time period July 1996 through mid-2009 using four satellite data sets. From 2001–2009, our primary data source was 500-m burned area maps produced using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance imagery; more than 90% of the global area burned during this time period was mapped in this fashion. During times when the 500-m MODIS data were not available, we used a combination of local regression and regional regression trees developed over periods when burned area and Terra MODIS active fire data were available to indirectly estimate burned area. Cross-calibration with fire observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) and the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) allowed the data set to be extended prior to the MODIS era. With our data set we estimated that the global annual area burned for the years 1997–2008 varied between 330 and 431 Mha, with the maximum occurring in 1998. We compared our data set to the recent GFED2, L3JRC, GLOBCARBON, and MODIS MCD45A1 global burned area products and found substantial differences in many regions. Lastly, we assessed the interannual variability and long-term trends in global burned area over the past 13 years. This burned area time series serves as the basis for the third version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) estimates of trace gas and aerosol emissions.

scholarly journals An Eighteen Year Temporal Trends Analysis of Bifenthrin Sediment Concentrations in California Waterbodies

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2402
Author(s):  
Lenwood W. Hall ◽  
Ronald D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Urban Stream ◽  
Water Board ◽  
California Water ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Trends Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Term Data

The goal of this study was to conduct long-term temporal trends analysis of bifenthrin sediment concentrations for measurements conducted from 2001 to 2019 in California waterbodies. Long-term data sites defined as spanning 6 years were available for 143 sites but 17 of these sites were excluded from long analysis because all measurements were below the level of detection. At least one site used in the trends analysis was located in all nine California Water Board Regions thus providing a representative statewide spatial scale. Twenty of the 126 long-term California sediment sites showed a statistically significant downward trend in bifenthrin concentrations while nine sites showed a statistically significant upward trend. Declining bifenthrin sediment concentrations were most evident in urban waterbodies when compared with agricultural dominated waterbodies. An analysis of bifenthrin long-term sediment trends by waterbody with at least three sites showed a significant trend for only one residential/urban stream and this trend was declining. In summary, the trends analysis of bifenthrin sediment concentrations does show a compelling case for declining concentrations in the State of California during an 18-year time period that includes a time period before and after the urban use of bifenthrin was further regulated.

scholarly journals Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 11577-11622 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Giglio ◽  
J. T. Randerson ◽  
G. R. van der Werf ◽  
P. S. Kasibhatla ◽  
G. J. Collatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Local Regression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Area Burned ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. Long term, high quality estimates of burned area are needed for improving both prognostic and diagnostic fire emissions models and for assessing feedbacks between fire and the climate system. We developed global, monthly burned area estimates aggregated to 0.5° spatial resolution for the time period July 1996 through mid-2009 using four satellite data sets. From 2001–2009, our primary data source was 500-m burned area maps produced using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance imagery; more than 90% of the global area burned during this time period was mapped in this fashion. During times when the 500-m MODIS data were not available, we used a combination of local regression and regional regression trees to develop relationships between burned area and Terra MODIS active fire data. Cross-calibration with fire observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) and the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) allowed the data set to be extended prior to the MODIS era. With our data set we estimated the global annual area burned for the years 1997–2008 varied between 330 and 431 Mha, with the maximum occurring in 1998. We compared our data set to the recent GFED2, L3JRC, GLOBCARBON, and MODIS MCD45A1 global burned area products and found substantial differences in many regions. Lastly, we assessed the interannual variability and long-term trends in global burned area over the past 12 years. This burned area time series serves as the basis for the third version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) estimates of trace gas and aerosol emissions.

scholarly journals Hail data analyses

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Szentteleki ◽  
M. Gaál ◽  
M. Ladányi
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Monthly Distribution ◽  
Term Data

Long term data of hail events of three meteorological stations (Budapest, Debrecen and Szeged) were investigated. The hail event frequencies show significant differences in the time period 1901–2000 when the first and the second half of the century are compared. The frequencies of hail events are higher in the first half of the century in case of Debrecen and Szeged while it is higher in the second 50 years for Budapest. None of the frequencies of hail events in between 2001–2008 are significantly higher, though the average of precipitation fell during these events is higher except for Szeged. We have found that the results about the monthly distribution of hail events differ from the ones in the literature; the ratio of hail events is significantly less in the vegetation period.

scholarly journals SIMULATION MODEL FOR STORM SURGE PROBABILITIES

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Fallah ◽  
J.N. Sharma ◽  
C.Y. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Atlantic City ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Extreme Value Model ◽  
Term Data

Storm surge and its Impact on the coastal regions have been of interest to many researchers and engineers for a long time. Deterministic models based on classical hydrodynamics can be used for reliable predictions only for short terms, e.g. up to 24 hours for which the characteristics of the storm can be projected accurately. Long-term predictions, on the other hand, is a statistical problem due to the random nature of the storms. Such long-term prediction is becoming increasingly important as the coastal regions are rapidly developed into residential, recreational and industrial areas. One of the first statistical studies on coastal storm surge predictions was published in 1961 by Wemelsfelder who used a Poisson probability law to fit the observed high tide data at Hook of Holland. From this fitted law, risk curves for long-term in years can be constructed for design purposes. In 1970 Yang et al applied the extreme value model to fit storm surge data for Atlantic City, New Jersey and Breakwater Harbor, Delaware. This so-called "purely" statistical method is sound in concept and simple to use. It has some serious limitations, however. First, it requires a collection of long term data (say 100 years for reliable design predictions) which is difficult to obtain in general. Secondly, the prediction for one location is not valid in general for other locations even when they are not far apart. To overcome the first limitation on the unavailability of long-term data at least partially, it is recognized that although storm tide data is limited, the general meteorological data is relatively abundant, so that more data on storm tide can be derived from meteorological data (wind field) via a hydrodynamic analysis. The analysis, of course, involves a general coastal area and consequently, the spatial variation of the storm tide can be predicted and the limitation on the location can be removed also. These observations lead to the concept of a combined statistical and hydrodynamic model which takes into account both the randomness of the long-term meteorological data and the physics of the storm surge.

scholarly journals Relation of glacier variations to climate changes in Iceland

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddur Sigurdsson ◽  
Trausti Jónsson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Type ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Maximum Extension ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Southern Central

Glacier variations in Iceland have been recorded systematically since the 1930s at 27 different glacier termini. The advance/retreat records of non-surging glaciers show a clear relationship to climate. A change in the climate typically leads to a response at the snout within a time period of 10 years. The records of surge-type and mixed-type glaciers show variations that are unrelated to climate. However, the maximum extension of surge-type glaciers at the end of surges and the minimum extension just before a surge appear to be influenced by long-term climate changes. A strong warming in the 1920s was a turning-point in the climate of Iceland which led to a rapid retreat of most glaciers in the country in the 1930s. The summer temperature fell gradually after 1940, with a notable drop in the mid-1960s. Since about 1970, more than half of the glaciers in Iceland have been advancing. In the western part of the country, the recovery is about one-quarter of the ground lost and in the southern, central and northern parts it is about one-half. In southeastern Iceland, some of the glaciers have been stationary for about 30 years while others have advanced slightly. Glacier snow-budget index computed from meteorological data indicates that the timing of the turning-point around 1970 coincides with a minimum in the cumulative net glacier mass balance.

Stability and Change in Emotional Intelligence: Exploring the Transition to Young Adulthood

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D.A. Parker ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske ◽  
Laura M. Wood ◽  
Jennifer M. Eastabrook ◽  
Robyn N. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Transition From High School

Abstract. The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has attracted growing interest from researchers working in various fields. The present study examined the long-term stability (32 months) of EI-related abilities over the course of a major life transition (the transition from high school to university). During the first week of full-time study, a large group of undergraduates completed the EQ-i:Short; 32 months later a random subset of these students (N = 238), who had started their postsecondary education within 24 months of graduating from high school, completed the measures for a second time. The study found EI scores to be relatively stable over the 32-month time period. EI scores were also found to be significantly higher at Time 2; the overall pattern of change in EI-levels was more than can be attributed to the increased age of the participants.

Hydrogeological responses in tropical mountainous springs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Term Data

This study presents a hydrogeochemical analysis of spring responses (2013-2017) in the tropical mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. The isotopic distribution of δ18O and δ2H in rainfall resulted in a highly significant meteoric water line: δ2H = 7.93×δ18O + 10.37 (r2=0.97). Rainfall isotope composition exhibited a strong dependent seasonality. The isotopic variation (δ18O) of two springs within the Barva aquifer was simulated using the FlowPC program to determine mean transit times (MTTs). Exponential-piston and dispersion distribution functions provided the best-fit to the observed isotopic composition at Flores and Sacramento springs, respectively. MTTs corresponded to 1.23±0.03 (Sacramento) and 1.42±0.04 (Flores) years. The greater MTT was represented by a homogeneous geochemical composition at Flores, whereas the smaller MTT at Sacramento is reflected in a more variable geochemical response. The results may be used to enhance modelling efforts in central Costa Rica, whereby scarcity of long-term data limits water resources management plans.

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