scholarly journals Leibniz: Regressus, un cálculo para la Silogística

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Benítez ◽  
José M. Benítez Escario
Keyword(s):  
History Of Logic ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reductio Ad Absurdum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Turn Over

ResumenEn este trabajo presentamos el cálculo para la Silogística que Leibniz llamó «Regressus». En la sección primera exponemos desde la notación usada por el propio Leibniz hasta el método de producción de los modos no perfectos. En la sección segunda comparamos la «fundamentación» de la Silogística de Leibniz con la que dio Aristóteles. En la sección tercera consideramos la hipótesis de Couturat según la cual se trata de un método cuya única estrategia demostrativa es la reducción al absurdo. En la sección cuarta lo presentamos como un algoritmo de producción de los modos imperfectos de la segunda y tercera figuras. Y concluimos, sección quinta, intentando hacer ver que, si se da «la vuelta» a dicho algoritmo, se obtiene un método de decisión para la Silogística con tres figuras.Palabras claveLeibniz, silogística, Historia de la LógicaAbstractIn this paper we present the calculus for Syllogistic that Leibniz named «Regressus». In the first section we will show the notation used by Leibniz and the method of production of the imperfect moods. In the second section we will compare the ground of Leibniz’s Syllogistic with Aristotle’s. In the third section we will explore Couturat’s hypothesis that holds that it is a method whose only demonstrative strategy is a reductio ad absurdum. In the fourth section we will present it as a production algorithm of the imperfect moods of second and third figures. And we will end, in the fifth section, trying to show that, if we «turn over» that algorithm, we obtain a method of decision for Syllogistic of three figures.KeywordsLeibniz; Syllogistic; History of Logic

UCEDE

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-125
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Party ◽  
Military Regime ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
The Third ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Economic Program ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the failure of the UCEDE in Argentina, and compares it to the success of the UDI in Chile. The first section discusses the long history of conservative party weakness in Argentina. The second section asks why no “Argentine UDI” emerged from the 1976–1983 military regime, arguing that its poor governing performance—including, notably, its defeat in the 1982 Falklands/Malvinas War—made the formation of such a party unviable. The third section examines the emergence of the UCEDE, emphasizing its much weaker starting position relative to the UDI. The fourth section discusses the fall of the UCEDE, which suffered a series of schisms and a sharp drop in electoral support after newly elected President Carlos Menem (1989–1999), a Peronist, began to implement much of its economic program. While the proximate cause of the UCEDE’s collapse was the Menem government, the chapter argues that the deeper cause was the party’s various built-in weaknesses.

ARENA

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-165
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Military Rule ◽  
Death Squad ◽  
Powerful Source ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

This chapter examines ARENA in El Salvador and argues that, like the UDI in Chile, its success was the product of authoritarian inheritance and counterrevolutionary struggle. The first section discusses El Salvador’s long history of right-wing military rule. The second section examines the October 1979 coup and the resulting establishment of a left-wing Revolutionary Governing Junta. The third section discusses the intense counterrevolutionary response that the junta triggered. This included large-scale death squad violence, with future ARENA founder Roberto D’Aubuisson playing a key role. The fourth section examines the formation of ARENA in response to an impending transition to competitive elections. The fifth section shows how D’Aubuisson’s role as a high-level official in the pre-1979 military regime endowed ARENA with several valuable resources. The final section discusses how ARENA’s origins in counterrevolutionary struggle served as a powerful source of cohesion.

Introducing Orphic Theogonies

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Dwayne A. Meisner
Keyword(s):  
General Introduction ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Meeting Point ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Scholarship

The first chapter begins with a general introduction to the topic of Orphic legend, ritual, and literature, along with the history of scholarship on Orphism, and the methods to be employed in this book for the study of four Orphic theogonies: Derveni, Eudemian, Hieronyman, and Rhapsodic. In the second section, the Orphic theogonies are placed in the wider context of ancient Near Eastern and Greek theogonic narratives. The third section analyzes the generic distinctions between theogonies and hymns and argues that Orphic theogonies have features of both, suggesting that the term “theogonic hymn” is the best way of describing their generic function. The fourth section argues that Orphic theogonies were a meeting point between the discourses of myth and philosophy. Some fragments of Orphic poetry appear to contain philosophical ideas, while prose philosophers, from the Presocratics to the Neoplatonists, regularly referred to Orphic poems.

Exploring Inductive Risk

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Elliott ◽  
Ted Richards
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Inductive Risk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
History Of

The introductory chapter provides an overview of the book Exploring Inductive Risk. It introduces the concept of inductive risk, briefly traces the history of the argument from inductive risk, and sets out the book’s chapters in terms of four themes. The first part, “Weighing Inductive Risk,” illustrates the concept of inductive risk and the judgments involved in weighing different sorts of errors. The chapters in the second part, “Evading Inductive Risk,” examine proposals by critics who argue that the value judgments associated with inductive risk should be made by citizens and policymakers, not by scientists. The third section, “The Breadth of Inductive Risk,” illustrates the wide variety of decision points throughout scientific practice where considerations of inductive risk are relevant. The book’s fourth section, “Exploring the Limits of Inductive Risk,” considers whether it still makes sense to apply the label of inductive risk to such a broad array of phenomena.

Proctorial Representation in the House of Lords during the Reign of Edward VI

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon F. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Satisfactory Treatment ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This is the third in a series of studies dealing with the history of the proxy system in the House of Lords. The first, after tracing the origin of proxies to the Roman law of agency, dealt with the emergence and spread of representation by proctors in the ecclesiastical and political assemblies of medieval England. The second study demonstrated how the proxy system was perfected in the upper house during the reign of Henry VIII and how the Crown benefited from that system. The ensuing article concerns proctorial representation during the crucial years of the Edwardian Reformation. Because of the brief period under consideration — only six years — it seemed best to cast the study in an analytical rather than a chronological framework. The first section deals with the general characteristics of proctorial representation in mid-Tudor times; the second and third sections cover the spiritual and temporal lords, respectively; and the fourth section treats the relationship between the proxy system and conciliar government.IKnowledge of the proxy system in the mid-sixteenth-century House of Lords remains somewhat fragmentary and limited in scope. A satisfactory treatment of the subject does not exist. Constitutional and legal historians have paid little attention to proxies and less to the procedure governing their use in the upper house. As one might expect, Bishop Stubbs dealt with proxies in medieval Parliaments and correctly associated them with parliamentary privileges, but at the same time he concluded that “its history has not yet been minutely traced.

Traditional and Culture-Specific Parenting of Prosociality in US Latino/as

2019 ◽  
pp. 246-266
Author(s):  
Gustavo Carlo ◽  
L. Diego Conejo Bolanos
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prosocial Development ◽  
Developmental Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Related Stress

This chapter provides an overview of theory and research on parenting and moral development in US Latino/a populations, including acculturation and enculturation, ethnic identity, and exposure and responses to discrimination and culture-related stress experiences. First, we briefly review traditional theories on the influence of parents in children’s prosocial development. Second, broad ecological and developmental theories that speak to the role of culture-related processes are covered. The third section presents a brief history of US Latino/as and highlights cultural values and characteristics relevant to understand the role of parents in US Latino/a children’s prosocial development. The fourth section presents an integrative cultural stress-based model of US Latino prosocial development and summarizes supporting research. Finally, the authors identify gaps in the existing literature and directions for future research.

Historical Injustice in Immigration Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172110655
Author(s):  
Rufaida Al Hashmi
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Injustice ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Counterfactual Approach

The history of immigration policy is marked by the wrongful and discriminatory exclusion of certain groups of people. In this article, I argue that descendants of those who were wrongfully excluded have a pro tanto right to immigrate to the state in question as reparation. I begin by identifying the two main approaches theorists generally take to establish a claim for reparation: the inheritance approach and the counterfactual approach. In the first section, I argue that the inheritance approach does not offer a promising argument for reparations for descendants of those who were wrongfully excluded. In the second section, I argue that the counterfactual approach, by contrast, does. In the third section, I respond to the objection that this prima facie claim for reparation can be undermined by current circumstances. In the fourth section, I show why this reparation should be offered in the form of immigration rights.

scholarly journals POLITICS AND PLAY IN THE LAVS PISONIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Max Leventhal
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Board Game ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Crucial Element ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Case

Abstract This article examines the first-century c.e.Laus Pisonis, an anonymous panegyric for a certain Piso that lays particular emphasis on his skill at lyre-playing, ball games and the board game, the ludus latrunculorum (155–210). Whereas this focus has often been a cause of consternation among critics, this article argues that play is a crucial element of the poem's poetic and political operations. The first section shows that the poem employs images of poetic maturity and of temporality in order to justify a light or ludic topic for an allegedly young poet. The second section identifies a hitherto unobserved telestich (M-O-R-A) in the passage describing the ludus latrunculorum and argues that this letter game defines a positive period of play within the poem. The third section further demonstrates that this letter game is aimed specifically at the patron Piso as he is represented within the poem. That is, the poet parallels Piso's potential to uncover the telestich in the text and his ability to uncover the poet's hidden talent. The concluding fourth section explores the wider impact of this reinterpretation of the Laus Pisonis for the literary history of the Early Principate. It proposes that the poem's playfulness should not be seen as reflecting the progressive disempowerment of the political elite. Rather, the poem is an early case of Roman political discourse encroaching on the value of the trivial and the boundaries of otium. The Laus Pisonis makes play political.

Reason or Mumbo Jumbo: The Common Law’s Approach to Property

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Social Convention ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mumbo Jumbo ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

The reasoning in common law cases and in the commentaries built upon them appears nowhere more arcane than when it is dealing with property. It is supposed to be concerned with who owns what, or has rights and responsibilities in respect of which, resources; but it is sprinkled with technicalities and in-bred conceptualisations. This chapter is organized as follows. The second section considers some reactions, in the history of political philosophy and social theory, to these peculiarities of the common law. The third section addresses claims that, within the law of modern property systems and especially those derived from the common law, the concept of property has disintegrated, so that it no longer means anything to say that a person ‘owns’ a resource. The fourth section shows how, despite its technical overlays, the common law does deploy conceptions of ownership. That is the key to the ethical underpinning of common law reasoning in relation to property. The fifth section considers instances of purely doctrinal reasoning. It suggests that what looks like dogma for dogma's sake may, after all, have ethical foundations. The chapter concludes that, at its best, the reasoning of the common law, like other juristic doctrine, represents a specialist variety of social convention whereby the mix of sound property-specific justice reasons is made concrete. Surface reasoning is peculiar to lawyers. Underlying justifications are not.

scholarly journals The Effects of Fire on Virgin Northern Mixed Grassland at Custer Battlefield National Monument

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Jane Bock ◽  
Carl Bock ◽  
Maureen Stone
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
National Monument ◽  
History Of

INTRODUCTION TO THE FINAL REPORT. This report describes our 3-year study on the effects of wildfire at Custer National Monument near Crow Agency, Montana. A wildfire of undetermined origin, which occurred on 10 August, 1983, burned 220 ha (approximately 90%) of the Monument (Flgure 1). Although no data are available on fire intensity, the ambient conditions were remembered as hot, dry, and windy. An examination of photos shows that the fire killed virtually all above-ground vegetation. Our work commenced in spring, 1984. Field work for this project was carried out in the springs and summers of 1984, 1985, and 1986. Our final report is divided into four parts. The first and longest section describes our study of the vegetation on the Battlefield and its response to fire. The second section is a manuscript (presently under review) which presents a study of the responses of birds to the fire. The third portion presents a history of the Battlefield's vegetation from the time of the Battle of the Little Bighorn until now. The fourth section presents our checklist of the vegetation of Custer National Monument, and our classification of the dominant grassland communities on the study area.

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