scholarly journals The Effects of Fire on Virgin Northern Mixed Grassland at Custer Battlefield National Monument

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Jane Bock ◽  
Carl Bock ◽  
Maureen Stone
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
National Monument ◽  
History Of

INTRODUCTION TO THE FINAL REPORT. This report describes our 3-year study on the effects of wildfire at Custer National Monument near Crow Agency, Montana. A wildfire of undetermined origin, which occurred on 10 August, 1983, burned 220 ha (approximately 90%) of the Monument (Flgure 1). Although no data are available on fire intensity, the ambient conditions were remembered as hot, dry, and windy. An examination of photos shows that the fire killed virtually all above-ground vegetation. Our work commenced in spring, 1984. Field work for this project was carried out in the springs and summers of 1984, 1985, and 1986. Our final report is divided into four parts. The first and longest section describes our study of the vegetation on the Battlefield and its response to fire. The second section is a manuscript (presently under review) which presents a study of the responses of birds to the fire. The third portion presents a history of the Battlefield's vegetation from the time of the Battle of the Little Bighorn until now. The fourth section presents our checklist of the vegetation of Custer National Monument, and our classification of the dominant grassland communities on the study area.

(A review). BRAUN-BLANQUETIA. Recueil de travaux de geobotanique / review of geobotanical monographs. Vol. 46. Centenaire de la phytosociologie. CAMERINO, 2010. 423 p.

2011 ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
L. G. Naumova ◽  
V. B. Martynenko ◽  
S. M. Yamalov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Association ◽  
Northern Asia ◽  
The Third ◽  
International Botanical ◽  
International Botanical Congress ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Date of «birth» of phytosociology (phytocenology) is considered to be 1910, when at the third International Botanical Congress in Brussels adopted the definition of plant association in the wording Including Flaó and K. Schröter (Flahault, Schröter, 1910; Alexandrov, 1969). The centenary of this momentous event in the history of phytocenology devoted to the 46th edition of the Yearbook «Braun-Blanquetia», which began to emerge in 1984 in Camerino (Italy) and it has a task to publish large geobotanical works. During the years of the publication of the Yearbook on its pages were published twice work of the Russian scientists — «The steppes of Mongolia» (Z. V. Karamysheva, V. N. Khramtsov. Vol. 17. 1995), and «Classification of continental hemiboreal forests of Northern Asia» (N. B. Ermakov in collaboration with English colleagues and J. Dring, J. Rodwell. Vol. 28. 2000).

UCEDE

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-125
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Party ◽  
Military Regime ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
The Third ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Economic Program ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the failure of the UCEDE in Argentina, and compares it to the success of the UDI in Chile. The first section discusses the long history of conservative party weakness in Argentina. The second section asks why no “Argentine UDI” emerged from the 1976–1983 military regime, arguing that its poor governing performance—including, notably, its defeat in the 1982 Falklands/Malvinas War—made the formation of such a party unviable. The third section examines the emergence of the UCEDE, emphasizing its much weaker starting position relative to the UDI. The fourth section discusses the fall of the UCEDE, which suffered a series of schisms and a sharp drop in electoral support after newly elected President Carlos Menem (1989–1999), a Peronist, began to implement much of its economic program. While the proximate cause of the UCEDE’s collapse was the Menem government, the chapter argues that the deeper cause was the party’s various built-in weaknesses.

ARENA

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-165
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Military Rule ◽  
Death Squad ◽  
Powerful Source ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

This chapter examines ARENA in El Salvador and argues that, like the UDI in Chile, its success was the product of authoritarian inheritance and counterrevolutionary struggle. The first section discusses El Salvador’s long history of right-wing military rule. The second section examines the October 1979 coup and the resulting establishment of a left-wing Revolutionary Governing Junta. The third section discusses the intense counterrevolutionary response that the junta triggered. This included large-scale death squad violence, with future ARENA founder Roberto D’Aubuisson playing a key role. The fourth section examines the formation of ARENA in response to an impending transition to competitive elections. The fifth section shows how D’Aubuisson’s role as a high-level official in the pre-1979 military regime endowed ARENA with several valuable resources. The final section discusses how ARENA’s origins in counterrevolutionary struggle served as a powerful source of cohesion.

Introducing Orphic Theogonies

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Dwayne A. Meisner
Keyword(s):  
General Introduction ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Meeting Point ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Scholarship

The first chapter begins with a general introduction to the topic of Orphic legend, ritual, and literature, along with the history of scholarship on Orphism, and the methods to be employed in this book for the study of four Orphic theogonies: Derveni, Eudemian, Hieronyman, and Rhapsodic. In the second section, the Orphic theogonies are placed in the wider context of ancient Near Eastern and Greek theogonic narratives. The third section analyzes the generic distinctions between theogonies and hymns and argues that Orphic theogonies have features of both, suggesting that the term “theogonic hymn” is the best way of describing their generic function. The fourth section argues that Orphic theogonies were a meeting point between the discourses of myth and philosophy. Some fragments of Orphic poetry appear to contain philosophical ideas, while prose philosophers, from the Presocratics to the Neoplatonists, regularly referred to Orphic poems.

scholarly journals Leibniz: Regressus, un cálculo para la Silogística

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Benítez ◽  
José M. Benítez Escario
Keyword(s):  
History Of Logic ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reductio Ad Absurdum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Turn Over

ResumenEn este trabajo presentamos el cálculo para la Silogística que Leibniz llamó «Regressus». En la sección primera exponemos desde la notación usada por el propio Leibniz hasta el método de producción de los modos no perfectos. En la sección segunda comparamos la «fundamentación» de la Silogística de Leibniz con la que dio Aristóteles. En la sección tercera consideramos la hipótesis de Couturat según la cual se trata de un método cuya única estrategia demostrativa es la reducción al absurdo. En la sección cuarta lo presentamos como un algoritmo de producción de los modos imperfectos de la segunda y tercera figuras. Y concluimos, sección quinta, intentando hacer ver que, si se da «la vuelta» a dicho algoritmo, se obtiene un método de decisión para la Silogística con tres figuras.Palabras claveLeibniz, silogística, Historia de la LógicaAbstractIn this paper we present the calculus for Syllogistic that Leibniz named «Regressus». In the first section we will show the notation used by Leibniz and the method of production of the imperfect moods. In the second section we will compare the ground of Leibniz’s Syllogistic with Aristotle’s. In the third section we will explore Couturat’s hypothesis that holds that it is a method whose only demonstrative strategy is a reductio ad absurdum. In the fourth section we will present it as a production algorithm of the imperfect moods of second and third figures. And we will end, in the fifth section, trying to show that, if we «turn over» that algorithm, we obtain a method of decision for Syllogistic of three figures.KeywordsLeibniz; Syllogistic; History of Logic

Exploring Inductive Risk

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Elliott ◽  
Ted Richards
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Inductive Risk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
History Of

The introductory chapter provides an overview of the book Exploring Inductive Risk. It introduces the concept of inductive risk, briefly traces the history of the argument from inductive risk, and sets out the book’s chapters in terms of four themes. The first part, “Weighing Inductive Risk,” illustrates the concept of inductive risk and the judgments involved in weighing different sorts of errors. The chapters in the second part, “Evading Inductive Risk,” examine proposals by critics who argue that the value judgments associated with inductive risk should be made by citizens and policymakers, not by scientists. The third section, “The Breadth of Inductive Risk,” illustrates the wide variety of decision points throughout scientific practice where considerations of inductive risk are relevant. The book’s fourth section, “Exploring the Limits of Inductive Risk,” considers whether it still makes sense to apply the label of inductive risk to such a broad array of phenomena.

The Problem of Truth in the Light of Recent Discussion

2005 ◽  
pp. 681-710
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Institutions

This chapter examines the nature of truth. It provides a classification of the main motives which are represented by the principal recent theories regarding the nature of truth. First, there is the motive especially suggested by the study of the history of institutions, by people's whole interest in what are called “evolutionary processes,” and by a large part of people's recent psychological investigation. This is the motive which leads many to describe human life altogether as a more or less progressive adjustment to a natural environment. The second motive is the same as that which, in ethics, is responsible for so many sorts of recent Individualism. It is the longing to be self-possessed and inwardly free, the determination to submit to no merely external authority. Meanwhile, the third motive has led to the discovery of what are novel truths regarding the fundamental relations upon which all of human thought and human activity rest.

Proctorial Representation in the House of Lords during the Reign of Edward VI

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon F. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Satisfactory Treatment ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This is the third in a series of studies dealing with the history of the proxy system in the House of Lords. The first, after tracing the origin of proxies to the Roman law of agency, dealt with the emergence and spread of representation by proctors in the ecclesiastical and political assemblies of medieval England. The second study demonstrated how the proxy system was perfected in the upper house during the reign of Henry VIII and how the Crown benefited from that system. The ensuing article concerns proctorial representation during the crucial years of the Edwardian Reformation. Because of the brief period under consideration — only six years — it seemed best to cast the study in an analytical rather than a chronological framework. The first section deals with the general characteristics of proctorial representation in mid-Tudor times; the second and third sections cover the spiritual and temporal lords, respectively; and the fourth section treats the relationship between the proxy system and conciliar government.IKnowledge of the proxy system in the mid-sixteenth-century House of Lords remains somewhat fragmentary and limited in scope. A satisfactory treatment of the subject does not exist. Constitutional and legal historians have paid little attention to proxies and less to the procedure governing their use in the upper house. As one might expect, Bishop Stubbs dealt with proxies in medieval Parliaments and correctly associated them with parliamentary privileges, but at the same time he concluded that “its history has not yet been minutely traced.

A revision of the Zoantharia Rugosa in the light of their minute skeletal structures

1950 ◽  
Vol 234 (611) ◽  
pp. 175-246 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Coral Skeleton ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
The Third ◽  
Systematic Significance ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
Rugose Coral ◽  
History Of

In this communication an attempt is made to describe the minute structures of the rugose coral skeleton and to revise the classification of the Zoantharia on that basis. The paper falls into three main sections. In the first, the various structures observed in the skeleton are described and suggestions made concerning the relationships between the soft and hard parts. The conclusions arrived at are based on the investigation of a large number of thin sections in various museums and other geological institutions in Great Britain and on my own material collected in China. The second part comprises an analysis of these features, an attempted evaluation of their systematic significance, and a résumé of the evolutionary history of the rugose corals. This résumé is mainly based on a direct study of accessible material and partly on reinterpretation of the literature in the light of new observations. The third part deals with classification and the diagnoses of the suborders, families, subfamilies and genera. For each genus recognized, the genotype is cited and a diagnosis given, together with geological range and, if any, subgenera and synonyms. Only those references not contained in the Index of Palaeozoic Coral Genera are listed in the bibliography.

scholarly journals Critical Analysis on Tasawwuf Schools

Teosofia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-274
Author(s):  
Mokhamad Rohma Rozikin
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

As one of disciplines, Sufism has undergone the stages of scientific development. It is difficult to reach an agreement related to the classification of Sufism schools from the first time it appeared until today. However, by taking the characteristics of each thought into account, Sufism can be classified into several schools, namely Rajā 'wa khauf Sufism, Maḥabbah Sufism, Happy Sufism, Al-Ḥallāj Sufism, Al-Gazzālī Sufism, Philosophical Sufism, and Ibn Taimiyyah Sufism. Sufism that grew in the early days, in the first and second centuries of Hegira, such as Maḥabbah and Rajā' wa khauf Sufism, was in general undisputed because it was still far from the influence of foreign elements and had strong attachments to Al-Qur'an and Sunah. Sufism in the third and fourth centuries of Hijra, although from the scientific side is more established, systematic, and structured, the symptoms of conflict with Fiqh began to grow which reached its peak in the time of Al-Hallāj. Sufism in the fifth century, at the time of Al-Gazzālī, was the most beautiful period in the history of Sufism because Sufism and Fiqh could be integrated. Sufism in the next period began to had another conflict because of the influence of philosophy until the time of Ibn Taimiyyah who wanted to return Sufism to its origin. This paper conducted a literature review on the history of Sufism to capture the schools that have emerged since its inception. In the final section, a critical analysis of the Sufism schools was carried out and it was closed with a few ideas on how to eclectically adapt the results of this critical analysis for the Islamic Education learning.

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