Frequency-Threshold Relation with Association Value Controlled

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Keith Rodewald
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Recognition Threshold ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Perceptual Factor ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Frequency Threshold ◽  
Tachistoscopic Recognition ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Print Size

An experiment was performed in which the tachistoscopic recognition threshold for nonsense syllables was the dependent variable. Glaze association value (AV), print size (between- Ss effects), and frequency of prior exposure of the syllables (within- Ss effect) were the independent variables. Analysis of variance indicated significance ( p = .05) for size and frequency main effects. Thresholds decreased with increasing size and frequency. The AV main effect and the interactions were not significant, although the trend suggested an inverse relation between AV and thresholds. The findings as an extension of earlier work and as evidence for a perceptual factor in the frequency-threshold relation were discussed.

scholarly journals Feedback and Instructions in Verbal Discrimination Learning

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Ferrante ◽  
H. G. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Verbal Discrimination ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Effects Of Feedback ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
And Task

120 volunteers learned a 12-pair, low-frequency verbal-discrimination list. The independent variables were feedback (positive only, negative only or continuous), task instructions (informed or uninformed regarding the nature of the task), and feedback instructions (informed or uninformed regarding the type of feedback). Using the total errors to criterion as the dependent variable, the results were analyzed using a 3 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance. The main effect of task feedback was significant. Subjects who received detailed instructions learned the list quicker than those who were given discovery instructions. The main effects of feedback and task instructions were not significant. None of the interactions were significant. The failure to find an interaction between feedback and instructions suggests that feedback contingencies produce differences in performance only for select populations.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

scholarly journals Effects of symmetry and familiarity on the attractiveness of human faces

Psihologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Mentus ◽  
Slobodan Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Cognitive Factor ◽  
Perceptual Factor ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces ◽  
Font Color

The effects of both symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive factor) on facial attractiveness were investigated. From the photographs of original slightly asymmetric faces, symmetric left-left (LL) and right-right (RR) versions were generated. Familiarity was induced in the learning block using the repetitive presentation of original faces. In the test block participants rated the attractiveness of original, previously seen (familiar) faces, original, not previously seen faces, and both LL and RR versions of all faces. The analysis of variance showed main effects of symmetry. Post hoc tests revealed that asymmetric original faces were rated as more attractive than both LL and RR symmetric versions. Familiarity doesn?t have a significant main effect, but the symmetry-familiarity interaction was obtained. Additional post hoc tests indicated that facial attractiveness is positively associated with natural slight asymmetry rather than with perfect symmetry. Also, unfamiliar LL symmetric versions were rated as more attractive than familiar LL versions, whereas familiar RR versions were rated as more attractive than RR unfamiliar faces. These results suggested that symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive or memorial factor) play differential roles in facial attractiveness, and indicate a relatively stronger effect of the perceptual compared to the cognitive factor. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON179018 i br. ON179033] <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI1701101E">10.2298/PSI1701101E</a><u></b></font>

Problem-Solving Performances of First-Grade Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie P. Steffe ◽  
David C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Problem Types ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

A sample of 111 first-grade children was partitioned into 4 categories, where the categorization was determined by an ability to make quantitative comparisons and IQ. 6 problems of each of 8 problem types were presented to each child in a randomized sequence. Approximately one-half of the children in each category were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 levels of Problem Conditions. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that IQ was not significant. Problem Conditions was significant (p<.01p<.01). Univariate analysis indicated a significant interaction (p<.05p<.05) due to Quantitative Comparisons and Problem Conditions for 1 problem type; significant main effects (p<.01p<.01) due to Problem Conditions for the remaining 7 problem types; and a significant (p<.05p<.05) main effect due to Quantitative Comparisons for 1 of the remaining 7 problem types.

Using MYSTAT to Analyze Simple Main Effects in Analysis of Variance

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-266
Author(s):  
Richard A. Hudiburg
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Effect Factor ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Main Effects

Research designs with two factors having a significant interaction effect are analyzed for simple main effects using MYSTAT. The coding used performs a series of one-way analyses of variance for each main-effect factor at only one level of the second factor.

What makes a narrative memorable?

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyssa Mccabe ◽  
Carole Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Personal Narratives ◽  
Dominant Contribution ◽  
Story Grammar ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Structural Category ◽  
Grammar Analysis ◽  
Main Effects

ABSTRACTThe relatively unexamined question of what kinds of narratives are memorable as whole units of discourse was addressed by studying memory for 288 children's personal narratives. Each narrative was assigned a structural category in story grammar analysis and Labov's highpoint analysis. Narratives were also rated for the presence or absence of sensational content. An incidental free recall of these narratives was then requested from 116 subjects. As predicted, an analysis of variance of recall frequencies revealed a main effect of sensational content; sensational narratives were recalled more frequently than nonsensational ones. Although there was no main effect of highpoint structure, that variable did interact with sensational content; in the absence of sensational content, highpoint structural sophistication predicted enhanced recall. Contrary to prediction, there were no main effects of highpoint structure or story grammar. The study is interpreted as providing partial validation of highpoint analysis, as well as revealing the independent, dominant contribution of content to memory for others' narratives as whole units.

Memory for Words in a Serial List as a Function of Primacy-Recency, Frequency, Length, Order, and Location in a Two-Dimensional Emotional Space

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Paul ◽  
Cynthia Whissell
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Serial List ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Emotional Dimensions ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Complex Manner

Two emotional dimensions (evaluation, activation) were used along with serial position, word frequency, word length, and word order as independent variables in a serial list recall task with 36 words ( N = 30 subjects). All variables were significantly related to recall in some fashion. Pleasant or unpleasant, active, short, common words in a primary or recency position were best recalled. Serial position was associated with the strongest significant main effect (η = .41), while activation, order, frequency, and length led to significant main effects of approximately equal strength (average η = .24). A number of significant two-way interactions among independent variables highlighted the complex manner in which these variables affect recall.

scholarly journals Effects of Tinnitus Sound Therapy Depending on Stimulating Sound

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-313
Author(s):  
Jeeun Yoo ◽  
Minseung Ku ◽  
Soon-Je Choi ◽  
In-Ki Jin
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Sound Therapy ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Main Effects

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of sound therapy according to various types of stimuli for 3 months in people with chronic tinnitus.Methods: Fifty-eight participants with chronic tinnitus based on inclusive and exclusive criteria were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: broadband noise group, nature sound group, and music sound group. Each group received sound therapy for 3 months and the level of stimulus was set to the level of the mixing point. To measure the change in participants’ tinnitus, the Korean version of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire (K-TPFQ) was used at the initial and 3-month follow-up sessions.Results: In the mixed model analysis of variance, the main effects of time were significant in almost all the K-TPFQ categories, except for the hearing category. However, the main effect of groups was not significant in most of the K-TPFQ categories, except for the sleep category. The main effects of interaction with group × time were not significant.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that sound therapy for 3 months could be effective in the management of tinnitus. However, no difference in the effect of sound therapy according to the type of stimuli was noted. These results show that sound therapy could be an effective method for people with tinnitus, regardless of the type of stimulus.

scholarly journals Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2705
Author(s):  
Hagen Deusch ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
José Ramón Alvero-Cruz ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
And Training ◽  
Age And Sex

(1) Background: Compared with marathon races, pacing in time-limited ultramarathons has only been poorly discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to analyze the interaction of performance level, age and sex with pacing during 6 h, 12 h or 24 h time-limited ultramarathons. (2) Methods: Participants (n = 937, age 48.62 ± 11.80 years) were the finishers in 6 h (n = 40, 17 women and 23 men), 12 h (n = 232, 77 women and 155 men) and 24 h (n = 665, 166 women and 409 men) ultramarathons. The coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as SD/mean, was used to described pacing. Low scores of CV denoted a more even pacing, and vice versa. A two-way analysis of variance examined the main effects and interactions of sex and race duration on age, race speed and pacing. (3) Results: More men participated in the longer race distances than in the shorter ones and men were older and faster than women. Comparing the 6 h, 12 h and 24 h races, the finishers in the 6 h were the fastest, the finishers in the 12 h were the oldest and the finishers in the 24 h showed the most variable pacing. Furthermore, the faster running speed in the 12 h (women, r = −0.64; men, r = −0.49, p < 0.001) and the 24 h (r = −0.47 in women and men, p < 0.001) was related to less variable pacing. (4) Conclusions: These data might help runners and coaches to choose the the proper duration of a race and training programs for their athletes.

scholarly journals Effects of kinship correction on inflation of genetic interaction statistics in commonly used mouse populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L Tyler ◽  
Baha El Kassaby ◽  
Georgi Kolishovski ◽  
Jake Emerson ◽  
Ann E Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Kinship Matrix ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Interaction Test

Abstract It is well understood that variation in relatedness among individuals, or kinship, can lead to false genetic associations. Multiple methods have been developed to adjust for kinship while maintaining power to detect true associations. However, relatively unstudied, are the effects of kinship on genetic interaction test statistics. Here we performed a survey of kinship effects on studies of six commonly used mouse populations. We measured inflation of main effect test statistics, genetic interaction test statistics, and interaction test statistics reparametrized by the Combined Analysis of Pleiotropy and Epistasis (CAPE). We also performed linear mixed model (LMM) kinship corrections using two types of kinship matrix: an overall kinship matrix calculated from the full set of genotyped markers, and a reduced kinship matrix, which left out markers on the chromosome(s) being tested. We found that test statistic inflation varied across populations and was driven largely by linkage disequilibrium. In contrast, there was no observable inflation in the genetic interaction test statistics. CAPE statistics were inflated at a level in between that of the main effects and the interaction effects. The overall kinship matrix overcorrected the inflation of main effect statistics relative to the reduced kinship matrix. The two types of kinship matrices had similar effects on the interaction statistics and CAPE statistics, although the overall kinship matrix trended toward a more severe correction. In conclusion, we recommend using a LMM kinship correction for both main effects and genetic interactions and further recommend that the kinship matrix be calculated from a reduced set of markers in which the chromosomes being tested are omitted from the calculation. This is particularly important in populations with substantial population structure, such as recombinant inbred lines in which genomic replicates are used.

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