Attributional Consistency and Subjective Perceptions of Success

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Furst
Keyword(s):  
Personal Control ◽  
The Self ◽  
External Control ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Perceived Success ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Causal Dimension

This study investigated the attributions of successful and unsuccessful male and female distance runners given after each race during a competitive season. It was hypothesized that the 8 male and 8 female runners would be inconsistent in their support of the self-serving bias. Using the Causal Dimension Scale-II, responses showed that, as a group, the runners were consistent when coding their attributions into dimensions. When divided as to perceived success, successful runners gave more internal and stable reasons for their performance, while both groups reported high personal control and low external control.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Revised Causal Dimension Scale: A Nepalese Investigation

1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Watkins ◽  
John Sachs ◽  
Murari Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
External Control ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Causal Dimension

The Causal Dimension Scale-II is conceptually important for research on attributions as it taps directly the subjects' own views of the dimensions underlying their causal ascriptions. However, this research based on the responses of 120 Nepalese tertiary students to the Causal Dimension Scale-II for both success and failure outcomes indicates that the internal consistency reliability of the External Control scale is of doubtful adequacy and that the best fit model for success outcomes combines the Locus and Personal Control scales while no adequate fit was found for failure outcomes. It is possible that these latter findings may be due to cultural differences in causal attributions rather than a deficiency in the scale's structure.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN READING PREFERENCE: EVIDENCE FROM A MOBILE PHONE PLATFORM

Mousaion ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kelly De Villiers ◽  
Johann Louw ◽  
Colin Tredoux
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
South African ◽  
The Self ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reading Preference ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Poor Communities

Two studies were conducted to investigate gender differences in a sample of young South African readers from poor communities. In the first study, the self-reported reading preferences of 2 775 readers on a mobile phone platform supplied by the FunDza Literacy Trust were surveyed. Both male and female readers indicated that they liked four genres in particular: romance, drama, non- fiction, and stories with specific South African content. There were nevertheless some differences, such as that a higher percentage of males liked stories involving sport. The second study examined the unique FunDza site visits made by readers, as a proxy measure of what they actually were reading. Four genres stood out: romance, drama, biography, and action/adventure. Again the similarity between male and female readers was noticeable, although many more females than males read content on the site.

Physiologic Comparison of Adolescent Female and Male Cross-Country Runners

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee N. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Cross Country Runners

To compare the physiologic differences between adolescent male and female cross-country runners, 12 male and 12 female high school nonelite distance runners who had competed successfully at the All State 5-km championship cross-country meet were tested in the laboratory. Data were analyzed in relation to maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (VT), and running economy (RE). Male runners were taller, heavier, had less body fat, and ran faster by 2 minutes and 18 seconds than female runners. Running economy was similar between gender. VO2 at a 215 m•min−1 pace was 46.7 ml•kg−1•min−1 for male runners and 47.8 ml•kg−1•min−1 for female runners. At the VT, males demonstrated a higher VO2 and treadmill velocity than females. Heart rate, percent HR max, and percent VO2 max at the VT were not different between gender. Males demonstrated a higher VO2 max of 74.6 versus 66.1 ml•kg−1•min−1 than female runners. The fractional utilization of VO2 at race pace was not different between males (90%) and females (91%). In conclusion, the primary physiologic determinant for performance differences between nonelite, competitive male and female adolescent distance runners is associated with VO2 max.

Internal vs External Control and Magnitude of Aggression toward Self and Others

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Davis ◽  
David R. Mettee
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
The Self ◽  
External Control ◽  
Outcome Information ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Perceived Locus Of Control

Ss measuring high or low on the Rotter (1966) I-E Scale were given or denied information about outcome and then asked to aggress against themselves or another unknown S. It was reasoned that the Self for internals and Others for externals (i.e., the perceived locus of control) would be regarded as appropriate aggression targets. Results indicated that internals treated themselves much as externals treated Others (appropriate targets). When the target was inappropriate, internals and externals again reacted similarly but in a very different manner from their reactions to appropriate targets. If success or failure information was provided, aggression against appropriate targets was low and apparently inhibited since these Ss reported high levels of anger following the opportunity to aggress. In the absence of outcome information, appropriate targets received high levels of aggression which apparently drained off some hostility since these Ss reported low levels of anger following aggression. In the case of inappropriate targets, both manifest aggression and reported anger fell between the above extremes irrespective of the information provided Ss.

scholarly journals Sociocognitive Self-Regulatory Mechanisms Governing Judgments of the Acceptability and Likelihood of Sport Cheating

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne d’Arripe-Longueville ◽  
Karine Corrion ◽  
Stéphanie Scoffier ◽  
Peggy Roussel ◽  
Aïna Chalabaev
Keyword(s):  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The Self ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Social Efficacy

This study extends previous psychosocial literature (Bandura et al., 2001, 2003) by examining a structural model of the self-regulatory mechanisms governing the acceptability and likelihood of cheating in a sport context. Male and female adolescents (N = 804), aged 15–20 years, took part in this study. Negative affective self-regulatory efficacy influenced the acceptability and likelihood of cheating through the mediating role of moral disengagement, in females and males. Affective efficacy positively influenced prosocial behavior through moral disengagement or through resistive self-regulatory efficacy and social efficacy, in both groups. The direct effects of affective efficacy on beliefs about cheating were only evident in females. These results extend the findings of Bandura et al. (2001, 2003) to the sport context and suggest that affective and resistive self-regulatory efficacy operate in concert in governing adolescents’ moral disengagement and transgressive behaviors in sport.

scholarly journals Identity and Participation Among the New Saudis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mongi Zidi ◽  
Turki Al-Shalaki ◽  
Talal Alsaif ◽  
Saeed Al-Dossary ◽  
Desouki Hamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Self ◽  
The West ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The University ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Low Rate

An exploratory study was conducted examining the problem of identity and participation among Saudi youth in light of social transformations. The project combined the quantitative and the qualitative curricula and relied on a field study using an electronic questionnaire with a sample of 1318 male and female students from the University of Hail and the participation of 120 students in focus groups during the beginning of the 2020/2021 academic year. The research was based on a number of international and local studies and surveys, and its conclusions were compared with their outcomes. The study outlined a set of indicators that showed the growing expression of the national belonging of the Saudi state in the context of an Arab–Islamic civilisation, a moderate view of the West, a balanced vision of reconciling conservatism with a move towards more openness, and a sense of confidence in the state and in the self. The research also found that the low rate of social participation is matched by a full awareness of its importance and a desire to practise it. The study recommended strengthening the gains of young people and developing areas of participation in proportion to the aspirations of those individuals.

The Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes’ Use of Imagery

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Munroe ◽  
Craig Hall ◽  
Sharon Simms ◽  
Robert Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Field Hockey ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
General Arousal ◽  
Sport Team ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Varsity Athletes

Previous research (e.g., Barr & Hall, 1992) suggests that imagery is used differentially throughout an athlete’s competitive season. The influence of time of season (early vs. late) and type of sport (team vs. individual) on athletes’ use of imagery was examined. Male and female varsity athletes representing 10 sports completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, in press) early and late in a competitive season. Results indicated that cognitive specific (CS) imagery significantly increased for fencing, field hockey, rugby, soccer, and wrestling. Motivational Specific (MS), Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M), and Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A) imagery showed a significant increase from Times 1 to 2 for rugby, soccer, and wrestling. Most sports demonstrated a significant increase in MS imagery. For all sports, except badminton, cognitive general (CG) imagery increased. Results indicate that imagery use changes during the competitive season, but this depends on the sport.

Promoting a Resistant Stance Toward Objectification

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Tracy L. Tylka ◽  
Rachel M. Calogero
Keyword(s):  
Personal Control ◽  
The Self ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Objectification

Objectification, or the fragmentation of others or oneself into body parts or sexual functions for scrutiny or gratification, is a destructive force that usurps positive embodiment. Yet, many people defend objectification. This chapter presents a two-prong approach to promote a resistant stance toward objectification, with examples. First, at a cultural level, objectification needs to be delegitimized by defusing or redirecting the threat (threat is sexual objectification), framing sexual objectification as already happening and offering ways to challenge it (e.g., #MeToo), helping people and businesses perceive that their outcomes are not dependent on objectification being sustained, and encouraging people to feel that they do not need to rely on objectification to feel personal control. Second, at an individual level, self-objectification (gazing at the self as an objectifier would) needs to be prevented by helping girls and women develop a schema to contextualize (rather than internalize) objectification and cultivate an embodied identity.

scholarly journals 283 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S51 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fernhall ◽  
K. Stillwell ◽  
T. Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Distance Runners ◽  
Male And Female

THE EFFECTS OF SELF-ESTEEM AND PERSONAL CONTROL ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB INSECURITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Orpen
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
External Control ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
The Impact

129 employees of an Australian manufacturer completed measures of job insecurity, self-esteem, personal control and psychological well-being. Using hierarchical regression analysis, it was shown that the personal attributes of self-esteem and personal control moderated the impact of job insecurity on psychological well being, as predicted, with low self-esteem and external control employees being significantly more adversely affected by insecurity than their high self-esteem and internal control counterparts.

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