Approach-Avoidance Conflict: I. Empirically Determined Speed-of-Locomotion Approach Gradients

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thomas Elder ◽  
Thomas E. Kuehne ◽  
Nathan Clark ◽  
Earl E. Larre
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Quadratic Component ◽  
Approach Speed ◽  
Approach Avoidance

16 male rats were trained to approach the distinctive end of a 20-ft. runway for a 25% sucrose solution, and their running speed was determined over successive 6-ft. segments of the maze. After 5 days of 5 training trials per day, quinine was substituted for sucrose in the case of half the animals and the remaining 8 rats were run under conditions of extinction. Analysis of the intersegmental speeds over the 5 days of training showed the approach speed-of-locomotion gradient was composed of a linear and a quadratic component. Comparison of the quinine and extinction treated groups over Days 6 and 7 suggested quinine was adequate to establish an approach-avoidance conflict in rats previously trained to approach for a positive incentive, and from which recovery was fairly rapid.

Restricted feeding with scheduled sucrose access results in an upregulation of the rat dopamine transporter

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (5) ◽  
pp. R1260-R1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Bello ◽  
Kristi L. Sweigart ◽  
Joan M. Lakoski ◽  
Ralph Norgren ◽  
Andras Hajnal
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
Ventral Tegmental ◽  
Protein Density

Recent studies suggest that the mesoaccumbens dopamine system undergoes neurochemical alterations as a result of restricted feeding conditions with access to sugars. This effect appears to be similar to the neuroadaptation resulting from drugs of abuse and may underlay some pathological feeding behaviors. To further investigate the cellular mechanisms of these alterations, the present study used quantitative autoradiography and in situ hybridization to assess dopamine membrane transporter (DAT) protein density and mRNA expression in restricted-fed and free-fed adult male rats. The restricted feeding regimen consisted of daily limited access to either a normally preferred sucrose solution (0.3 M) or a less preferred chow in a scheduled (i.e., contingent) fashion for 7 days. Restricted-fed rats with the contingent sucrose access lost less body weight, ate more total food, and drank more fluid than free-fed, contingent food, or noncontingent controls. In addition, these animals had selectively higher DAT binding in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. This increase in protein binding also was accompanied by an increase in DAT mRNA levels in the ventral tegmental area. In contrast to the restricted-fed groups, no differential effect in DAT regulation was observed across free-fed groups. The observed alteration in behavior and DAT regulation suggest that neuroadaptation in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system develops in response to repeated feeding on palatable foods under dietary constraints. This supports the notion that similar cellular changes may be involved in restrictive eating disorders and bingeing.

scholarly journals Hypothalamic Inflammation Without Astrogliosis in Response to High Sucrose Intake Is Modulated by Neonatal Nutrition in Male Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (7) ◽  
pp. 2318-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Fuente-Martín ◽  
Cristina García-Cáceres ◽  
Francisca Díaz ◽  
Pilar Argente-Arizón ◽  
Miram Granado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Acidic Protein ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Vimentin Expression ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Hypothalamic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Abstract Hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis are proposed to participate in the pathogenesis of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Because other factors and nutrients also induce weight gain and adiposity, we analyzed the inflammatory and glial responses to a sucrose (S)-enriched diet. Neonatal overnutrition (NON) exacerbates weight gain in response to metabolic challenges; thus, we compared the inflammatory response of male Wistar rats with NON (4 pups/litter) and controls (12 pups/litter) to increased S intake. At weaning rats received water or a 33% sucrose solution and normal chow ad libitum for 2 months. Sucrose increased serum IL-1β and -6 and hypothalamic IL-6 mRNA levels in NON and TNFα mRNA levels in control and NON rats, whereas NON alone had no effect. The astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein was increased by NON but decreased by S. This was associated with hypothalamic nuclei specific changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cell number and morphology. Sucrose increased the number of microglia and phosphorylation of inhibitor of -κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in control but not NON rats, with no effect on microglia activation markers. Proteins highly expressed in astrocytes (glutamate, glucose, and lactate transporters) were increased by NON but not S, with no increase in vimentin expression in astrocytes, further suggesting that S-induced adiposity is not associated with hypothalamic astrogliosis. Hence, activation of hypothalamic inflammatory processes and gliosis depend not only on weight gain but also on the diet inducing this weight gain and the early nutritional status. These diverse inflammatory processes could indicate a differential disposition to obesity-induced pathologies.

Effect of Rearing Conditions on Exploratory Behavior

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Neiberg
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Start Compartment ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Goal Compartment ◽  
Rearing Condition

To determine whether adult exploratory behavior is altered by rearing conditions, male rats were reared in white or black painted cages. Upon reaching adulthood, they were placed in a black start compartment and permitted to run to a white goal compartment with measures of starting and running speed recorded. The data suggest influence from rearing condition and secondary reinforcement.

NPY-leptin: opposing effects on appetitive and consummatory ingestive behavior and sexual behavior

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (6) ◽  
pp. R1627-R1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Ammar ◽  
F. Sederholm ◽  
T. R. Saito ◽  
A. J. W. Scheurink ◽  
A. E. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injection ◽  
Orexigenic Peptide ◽  
Opposing Effects

Many studies have indicated that neuropeptide Y (NPY) stimulates and leptin inhibits food intake. In line with this, intracerebroventricular injection of NPY (10 μg) stimulated and leptin (10 μg) inhibited intake of a sucrose solution when female rats were required to obtain the solution from a bottle. However, NPY inhibited and leptin stimulated intake if the solution was infused intraorally. Thus NPY stimulates the responses used to obtain food but inhibits those used to consume food, and leptin has the opposite effects. To test the specificity of these responses the sexual behavior of male rats was examined. NPY-treated males showed minor deficits in sexual behavior but chose to ingest a sucrose solution rather than copulate with a female if offered the choice. By contrast, leptin-treated males ingested little sucrose and displayed an increase in ejaculatory frequency if given the same choice. It is suggested that NPY is not merely an orexigenic peptide, but one that directs attention toward food. Similarly, leptin may not be an anorexic peptide, but one that diverts attention away from food toward alternate stimuli.

scholarly journals Acute Hypophagia and Changes in c-Fos Immunoreactivity in Adolescent Rats Treated with Low Doses of Oxytocin and Naltrexone

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Mitchell A. Head ◽  
Laura K. McColl ◽  
Anica Klockars ◽  
Allen S. Levine ◽  
Pawel K. Olszewski
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Body Weight Reduction ◽  
Adolescent Rats ◽  
Recent Case Report

A recent case report has shown that an adjunctive oxytocin + naltrexone (OT + NTX) treatment promoted more robust hypophagia and body weight reduction than OT alone in an adolescent male with hypothalamic obesity after craniopharyngioma resection. Thus far, there has been no basic research in adolescent laboratory animals that would examine whether the benefit of OT + NTX on appetite extends onto adolescent individuals without surgically induced overeating. Thus, here we examined whether low doses of combined OT + NTX acutely affect post-deprivation intake of energy-dense, standard chow; intake of energy-dense and palatable high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet; or calorie-dilute, palaTable 10% sucrose solution without deprivation in adolescent male rats. We assessed whether OT + NTX decreases water intake after water deprivation or produces a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Finally, by using c-Fos immunoreactivity, we determined changes in activity of feeding-related brain areas after OT + NTX. We found that individual subthreshold doses of OT and NTX decreased feeding induced by energy and by palatability. Significant c-Fos changes were noted in the arcuate and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei. The hypophagic doses of OT + NTX did not suppress water intake in thirsty rats and did not cause a CTA, which suggests that feeding reduction is not a secondary effect of gastrointestinal discomfort or changes in thirst processing. We conclude that OT + NTX is an effective drug combination to reduce appetite in adolescent male rats.

scholarly journals Anhedonic Type Behavior and Anxiety Profile of Wistar-UIS Rats Subjected to Chronic Social Isolation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Camila Acero-Castillo ◽  
María Camila Ardila-Figueroa ◽  
Silvia Botelho de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Anxious Behavior

Chronic Social Isolation (CSI) is a model of prolonged stress employed in a variety of studies to induce depression and anxious behavior in rats. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of CSI on male Wistar rats in terms of “anhedonic-type” behavior in the Sucrose Preference Test (SPT) and anxiogenic profile in the elevated-plus-maze (EPM) test, as well as evaluating the effect of resocialization upon sucrose consumption. A total of 24 adolescent male Wistar rats were evaluated. The animals were housed either together (communally) or socially isolated for 21 days, and then exposed for four consecutive days to the SPT test [water vs. a 32% sucrose solution (SS)]. Four days later, they were again subjected to the SPT test (32% vs. 0.7% SS), and then tested on the EPM apparatus 3 days later. Following the completion of the anxiogenic profile of the model, the animals were resocialized for 72 h and then re-tested once again using the SPT (32% vs. 0.7% SS). Twenty-four hours after this final consumption, the animals were euthanized to record the weight of their adrenal glands (AG). It was found that exposure to CSI produces anhedonic-type behavior and an anxiogenic profile in adolescent male rats, as evidenced in both the SPT and EPM tests, as well as in the animals’ physiological stress response. It was also demonstrated that resocialization does not reverse the anhedonic-type behavior, nor the physiological response to stress.

Cholecystokinin reduces sucrose palatability in rats: evidence in support of a satiety effect

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (6) ◽  
pp. R1496-R1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Eckel ◽  
K. P. Ossenkopp
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Taste Reactivity ◽  
Oral Sucrose

To investigate the hypothesis that peripherally administered cholecystokinin (CCK) reduces food intake by the production of aversive internal cues, we examined the effects of the sulfated, octapeptide form of CCK on taste reactivity responses to oral sucrose infusions in male rats implanted with intraoral cannulas. After injection of CCK (4, 8, or 16 micrograms/kg ip) or 0.15 M saline (1 ml/kg ip), a series of brief (30 s) intraoral infusions of a 0.30 M sucrose solution was administered at 2-min intervals for 10 min. All doses of CCK were found to significantly decrease ingestive responding during the first and subsequent sucrose infusions without promoting a significant increase in aversive responses relative to controls. The lack of a gradual, conditioned shift in taste reactivity responses, from an ingestive to an aversive pattern (which is typically observed after LiCl administration), suggests that the production of nausea-like aversive internal cues was likely not responsible for the observed CCK-induced alterations in taste reactivity responses. It appears that the unconditioned, satiogenic effects of CCK contributed to the selective reduction in ingestive responses observed in the present study.

scholarly journals Source of dietary sucrose influences development of leptin resistance in male and female rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (4) ◽  
pp. R598-R610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth B. S. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Leptin Sensitivity ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Physical Form

Male rats offered 30% sucrose solution in addition to chow develop leptin resistance without an increase in energy intake or body fat. This study tested whether the leptin resistance was dependent on the physical form of the sucrose. Sprague-Dawley rats were offered a sucrose-free (NS) diet, a 66.6% of energy as sucrose (HS) diet, or the NS diet + 30% sucrose solution (LS). Sucrose intake of LS rats equaled that of HS rats, but total carbohydrate intake exceeded that of HS rats. After 33 days, male and female LS rats were resistant to the inhibitory effect of peripherally administered leptin on food intake. LS rats drank small, frequent meals of sucrose during light and dark periods, whereas HS rats consumed more meals during the dark than the light period and remained responsive to leptin. Diet did not affect daily energy intake or insulin sensitivity. There was a small increase in body fat in the female rats. Leptin sensitivity was restored within 5 days of withdrawal from sucrose in male LS rats. This rapid reversal suggested that leptin resistance was associated with the metabolic impact of drinking sucrose. An experiment was carried out to test whether activity of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and glycation of leptin signaling proteins were increased in LS rats, but the results were equivocal. A final experiment determined that female LS rats were leptin-resistant within 18 days of access to sucrose solution and that the small, but significant, increase in body fat was associated with increased adipocyte glucose utilization and insulin responsiveness, which may have been secondary to adipocyte leptin resistance.

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