Vocational Aspirations of Second-Grade Girls

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Looft
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Catholic School ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Original Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Occupational Goals ◽  
Vocational Aspirations

41 second-grade girls in a Catholic school were asked about their vocational interests or aspirations from two different perspectives: (a) their desired occupational goals and (b) their realistic expectations regarding their occupational goals. To the first question most girls nominated vocations which were very sex-role stereotyped and altruistic (nurse and teacher were most common); to the second question Ss tended to (a) repeat their original response, (b) change their expectation to becoming mothers and housewives, or (c) express that they did not know what they would be. The findings suggest that sex-role expectations pertaining to vocational aspirations are acquired and solidified far sooner than the time when the individual actually has to begin to make decisions regarding his adult life.

scholarly journals Sex Role Expectations in Children's Vocational Aspirations and Perceptions of Occupations

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Weiking Franken
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Sex Typing ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Vocational Aspirations

To study sex role expectations, 120 boys and girls from three age groups—preschool, second grade, and fifth grade—in two socioeconomic levels were asked to name their vocational aspirations and to choose whether a man, woman, or both could do the work in 30 occupations depicted in a slide-tape series. Results indicated that sex typing was present in the way their aspirations conformed to traditional sex roles, with a significant relationship (p < .001) between sex typing of aspirations and sex of the respondents. Significant differences in responses to the occupational slides were found on the variables of sex (p < .01), grade level (p < .001), and socioeconomic level (p < .05), with greater sex typing indicated by boys than girls, by preschool children than by older children, and by lower to lower-middle class children than by middle to upper-middle class children. The study revealed a disparity between many children's perceptions of occupations as ones in which both sexes could work and their own personalized, sex-typed aspirations.

Beyond sex

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Kwan Cheung ◽  
Alex Lindsey ◽  
Eden King ◽  
Michelle R Hebl
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Influence Tactics ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Occupational Commitment ◽  
Continuance Commitment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sex Role Identity

Purpose – Influence tactics are prevalent in the workplace and are linked to crucial outcomes such as career success and helping behaviours. The authors argue that sex role identity affects women’s choice of influence tactics in the workplace, but they only receive positive performance ratings when their behaviours are congruent with gender role expectation. Furthermore, the authors hypothesize that these relationships may be moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Results suggest that femininity is negatively related to the use of influence tactics overall, and this relationship is moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 657 women working in the construction industry were surveyed for their continuance occupational commitment and sex role identity and 465 supervisors whose responses are linked with the subordinates are surveyed for the women’s influence tactics and performance ratings. Findings – Results suggested that femininity was negatively related to the use of influence tactics overall, and this relationship was moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Results also showed that women’s use of influence tactics was only positively received in terms of performance ratings when the influence tactic was congruent with gender role expectations. Research limitations/implications – The results of this current study suggest that not all women are equally likely to use influence tactics and not all tactics result in positive perceptions of performance. Feminine women in general refrain from using influence tactics unless they are driven to stay in a given occupation, but they only receive positive results when their behaviours are congruent with society’s gender role expectations. Originality/value – Past research has mostly focused on broad differences between males and females, and this study has shown that there are more nuanced differences that can more accurately describe the effects of gender disposition (i.e. sex role identity) on influence tactics. It also emphasizes the importance of occupational commitment as a boundary condition, which influences women to step out of their gender roles even though they may be penalized with lower performance ratings.

Sex-Role Preference and Parental Imitation within Groups of Middle-Class Whites and Lower-Class Blacks

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Role Preference

32 second-grade children were assessed on measures of sex-role preference and parental imitation. The middle-class white boys were more masculine in preference than the middle-class white girls were feminine ( t = 3.43, p < .01), and lower-class black girls tended to be more mother imitative than the lower-class black boys were father imitative ( r = 2.09, p < .06). No such differences were found in sex-role preference for blacks or in imitation for whites. The results indicated that there was a dominant masculine influence in the development of sex-role preference among middle-class white children and a dominant feminine influence in parental imitation among lower-class black children.

Factor Analytic Study of Perceptual-Motor Attributes as Measured by Two Test Batteries

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Motor Acts

This study factor analyzed the scores of 80 first and second grade level public school children on the 28 test items of the Perceptual-motor Attributes of Mentally Retarded Children and Youth battery and the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey. 10 factors were extracted and 9 were named: Visual Tracking, Visual Discrimination and Copying of Forms, Visual Discrimination and Copying of Rhythmic Patterns, Verbal Body Image, Dynamic Balance, Spatial Body Perception, Postural Maintenance, Visual Discrimination and Copying of Motor Patterns, and Gross Agility. The study indicated that the individual test items are very specific in nature, i.e., they measure very specific perceptual-motor acts.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-591
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dramatic Consequence

Deaths of infants and of their mothers may be the most dramatic consequence of ill health, but there are other serious consequences which affect the child and, indeed, may follow it throughout adult life. The damage done by infections and associated malnutrition to a young child in its formative years is manifested in retarded physical growth and mental development, which it may never be able to catch up on, thus impairing the potential for a full and active adult life. Poverty, ignorance, and ill health thus create a vicious cycle spanning from one generation to the next, and from which the individual has little chance of escape. A striking expression of this generation link is the frequency of "low birth weight" (LBW) babies, ie, babies weighing less than 2500 gm at birth. It is now known that this frequency is closely determined by the same adverse maternal and environmental factors which determine the nutritional status of the mother. It has also been observed in developed countries that the frequency is higher among mothers who smoke during pregnancy. About 21 million LBW (small for date) babies are born each year, the greatest majority of them in developing countries. The observed incidence rate ranges from about 4% in the most developed countries to over 30% in some poor rural populations. It is also known that LBW is the single most important factor determining the survival chances of the child. The infant mortality rate is about 20 times greater for all LBW babies than for other babies, and the lower the birth weight the lower is the survival chance.

scholarly journals The Feminine Stereotype and Beyond: Role Conflict and Resolution in the Poetics of Marina Tsvetaeva

Slavic Review ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonina Filonov Gove
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Poetic Identity ◽  
Marina Tsvetaeva ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Working Out

In examining the development of Tsvetaeva's lyric verse, it is possible to discern a recurrent thematic strain: a rejection by the poet of the conventional roles imposed on the individual by society, particularly certain characteristics of the feminine role. I will try to show that Tsvetaeva, in the process of rejecting, via her poetry, this key ingredient in a person's self-concept—namely, the sex role as defined by society—along with a rejection of other limiting social norms, developed images of the self that transcend social roles. Moreover, the working out of this poetic identity is not continuous but falls into several chronological stages.In discussing a poet's self, critical method prescribes that a distinction be maintained between the individual and the poetic persona. Without negating this methodological stricture, it is important to keep in mind that for some poets an adequate interpretation requires one to perceive that the persona is an elaborate poetic projection and mythologization of the individual.

Rethinking femininity in organisations: Experimental insights into team composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 866-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Busse
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Sex Role Stereotypes ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
And Performance ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Role Incongruity ◽  
Team Types

AbstractRole incongruity, sex role stereotypes and candidate selection procedures which oversatisfy masculine role expectations evoke an underrepresentation of femininity in organisations. The author seeks to remedy this bad state of affairs. This study is designed based on an experiment with 288 young executives simulating self-organised work groups and manipulated the degree of gender-related (not sex-related) heterogeneity. Results generally show a curvilinear relationship with an upright U-shaped format between heterogeneity and performance, team identity and intrateam communication. The major contribution in specific is that highly homogeneous teams outperform other team types in the short run, whereas highly heterogeneous teams succeed in the long run. Consequently, this work recommends ‘femininity enrichment’ in firms and discusses manageable practical advice to do so. As for the laboratory character, findings and implications for practicing managers have to be treated with caution. Finally, the most promising avenues for further research are illuminated.

Sex-Role Expectations and the Assumption of Leadership by College Women

1982 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Golub ◽  
Eileen Maxwell Canty
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Expectations

Sex role expectations and ego level in relation to problem marriages.

1983 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 676-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Nettles ◽  
Jane Loevinger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Expectations

Transitions and Turning Points in Developmental Psychopathology: As applied to the Age Span between Childhood and Mid-adulthood

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

In recent years, several studies have produced data showing apparent changes in early adult life of psychological life trajectories, changes that have been labelled "turning points". The concept, and the phenomena that gave rise to it, are critically reviewed in relation to developmental psychopathology. It is concluded that a wide range of experiences have been associated with such changes; that the experiences associated with them span those over which the individual has no control and those subject to individual choice and actions; that the key features associated with change usually involve particular qualities of experiences as they impinge on subsegments of the population (rather than universal life phase transitions); that the experiences are not synonymous with stressful life events; and that changes in life trajectory may reflect genetic programming or internal biological alterations rather than external happenings. Also, major life experiences may accentuate, rather than alter, individual characteristics. It is concluded that turning point effects represent a heterogeneous range of lasting changes in psychological functioning. They are important because their investigation may shed important light on developmental processes. They do not represent a simple mechanism and hence there is no hypothesis about a particular process to test, but their study is nevertheless crucial for an understanding of developmental continuities and discontinuities. Some of the key methodological issues in their investigation are reviewed.

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