scholarly journals Sex Role Expectations in Children's Vocational Aspirations and Perceptions of Occupations

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Weiking Franken
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Sex Typing ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Vocational Aspirations

To study sex role expectations, 120 boys and girls from three age groups—preschool, second grade, and fifth grade—in two socioeconomic levels were asked to name their vocational aspirations and to choose whether a man, woman, or both could do the work in 30 occupations depicted in a slide-tape series. Results indicated that sex typing was present in the way their aspirations conformed to traditional sex roles, with a significant relationship (p < .001) between sex typing of aspirations and sex of the respondents. Significant differences in responses to the occupational slides were found on the variables of sex (p < .01), grade level (p < .001), and socioeconomic level (p < .05), with greater sex typing indicated by boys than girls, by preschool children than by older children, and by lower to lower-middle class children than by middle to upper-middle class children. The study revealed a disparity between many children's perceptions of occupations as ones in which both sexes could work and their own personalized, sex-typed aspirations.

Vocational Aspirations of Second-Grade Girls

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Looft
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Catholic School ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Original Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Occupational Goals ◽  
Vocational Aspirations

41 second-grade girls in a Catholic school were asked about their vocational interests or aspirations from two different perspectives: (a) their desired occupational goals and (b) their realistic expectations regarding their occupational goals. To the first question most girls nominated vocations which were very sex-role stereotyped and altruistic (nurse and teacher were most common); to the second question Ss tended to (a) repeat their original response, (b) change their expectation to becoming mothers and housewives, or (c) express that they did not know what they would be. The findings suggest that sex-role expectations pertaining to vocational aspirations are acquired and solidified far sooner than the time when the individual actually has to begin to make decisions regarding his adult life.

Sex-Role Preference and Parental Imitation within Groups of Middle-Class Whites and Lower-Class Blacks

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Role Preference

32 second-grade children were assessed on measures of sex-role preference and parental imitation. The middle-class white boys were more masculine in preference than the middle-class white girls were feminine ( t = 3.43, p < .01), and lower-class black girls tended to be more mother imitative than the lower-class black boys were father imitative ( r = 2.09, p < .06). No such differences were found in sex-role preference for blacks or in imitation for whites. The results indicated that there was a dominant masculine influence in the development of sex-role preference among middle-class white children and a dominant feminine influence in parental imitation among lower-class black children.

Sex-Role Specialization in a Transforming Market: Empirical Evidence from Vietnamese Middle-Class Households

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfriede Penz ◽  
Erich Kirchler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Role Changes ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Middle Class Families ◽  
Role Specialization

Vietnam is undergoing a rapid transformation to a more prosperous society. This article analyzes household decision making in a transforming economy that has undergone modification of the traditional view of the family, from being an autonomous unit to an object of state policy. This is relevant because policy interventions shape household consumption through gender equality programs and thus have an impact on sex-role specialization. The aim of this study is to advance understanding of Vietnamese household consumption decisions and spouses’ current influence patterns by investigating sex-role specialization in Vietnamese middle-class families’ decision making. Overall, no significant sex-role changes were observed. It seems that traditional Vietnamese sex-role specialization does not (yet) differ among age groups. Instead, traditional sex-role segmentation remains predominant across all investigated age groups. While economic and consumption habits change rapidly, middle-class families appear to preserve their traditional influence patterns in purchase decisions.

scholarly journals Study on factors affecting fertility of Bangladeshi women

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Number 2) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Monowar Ahmad Tarafdar ◽  
Nadia Begum ◽  
Shila Rani Das ◽  
Sultana Begum ◽  
Mehruba Afrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Factors Affecting

This is a cross sectional study conducted among Currently Married Women of Reproductive Age (CMWRA) with a sample size of 476 selected purposively using a semi-structured questionnaire in 2018 at Moulvibazar Sadar to explore the factors affecting fertility. The result shows that 55.26% respondents were within 35 years age whereas only 4.28% from age group 46-49 years age group, 33% of the respondents got married at <16 years of age and 18.70% were illiterate, 47.90% had primary education. It is evident that 76% of the respondents were from rural area; 88% were Muslims, 29.41% from lower middle class followed by upper middle class (25.42%) and poorest comprised only 7.56%. The result explored that 73.91% of the respondents were from age group 41-45 got married before 16 years of age followed by 36-40 years (68.24%), 46-49 years (66%), 20-25 and 26-30 years age groups 52.38% and 52.75% respectively; 73.33% of respondents from rural area got married at <16 years of age, 68.42% of the Muslim at <16 years. The study explored that 96.39% from poorer section and 83.33% from poorest section got married at <16 years of age. Current study revealed that 82.91% of the respondents having secondary education got married before 16 years of age followed by illiterate (82.02%). It is explored that the age at marriage is statistically associated with residence, education, wealth index and religion (p= 0.001, 0.03, 0.001, 0.001 respectively). We conclude that the sociodemographic condition contributes mostly to fertility differentials in Bangladesh.

Variance of Sex-Role Preference among Boys and Girls

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Young Girls ◽  
Role Preference

This study tested the prediction that young girls would show greater group variance than young boys would in a measure of sex-role preference. The prediction was inconsistent with some previous research and was based upon certain assumptions concerning the development of sex-role preference. 48 pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, first-, and second-grade children were given a sex-oriented toy-preference test. The prediction was supported ( p < .01); boys preferred boys' toys more than girls preferred girls' toys ( p < .01). Older children preferred own-sexed toys more than the younger ones did ( p < .05).

Local Lexical Items in the Sociodialectical Survey of Vancouver English

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Gregg
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Geographical Variability ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Considerable Body

Saltchuck? Skookum? Oolichan? Saskie? A Squamish? Saskabush? Slough? …How many Vancouverites are familiar with these words? How many know their meaning or meanings? How many have heard them used or actually used them? All of the words in question should be at home in the Vancouver area, some in British Columbia generally or even in the wider area of the old Pacific Northwest. A traditional dialect investigation would have localized such words, pinpointing on a map in a linguistic atlas the spots where they cropped up. Recent urban sociodialectal linguistic surveys, however, have been emphasizing the social rather than the geographical variability of language. In the recently completed Survey of Vancouver English (SVEN) it was decided to include a short component (Section VI) in the questionnaire that would elicit information about local words—a mere 26 questions out of a total of 1,058. This section aroused the interest of many of the informants who were able to add a considerable body of useful data to what was known about this group of words.We interviewed a total of 240 informants over a period of six years. Included were equal numbers of males and females, divided into three age groups (old, middle, young) and fitted into four socio-economic classes which could be labelled lower working class, upper working class, lower middle class and upper middle class. If the informants knew the local lexical items they were asked the questions: (1) What does this word mean? (2) Have you ever heard anyone say it? (3) Do you use it yourself? In some cases questions were asked about pronunciation and spelling.

Sex Differences over Age Groups in Self-Posed Smiling in Photographs

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Otta
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Middle Class People

The present study was designed to investigate self-posed smiling behavior in photographs as a function of both sex and age. The photographs of 1,171 Brazilian middle-class people, taken in a wide variety of informal social settings were examined. Only 25 7% of the girls and 25.0% of the boys of 2- to 5-yr.-age group were seen smiling in the photographs. Older children, adolescents, and adults were much more expressive than young children. Furthermore, significantly more females were seen smiling than males. Females also smiled more expansively than males. Finally, smiling was less frequent among middle-aged and older groups, especially among males. The present study replicated the sex difference in self-posed smiling behavior consistently reported by American researchers examining college yearbook photographs. Further, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that, besides being associated with emotional experience, smiling has a strong social motivation.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

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