scholarly journals Towards establishing biographical and business background profiles of entrepreneurs from two ethnic and gender groups

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Schutte ◽  
A. B. Boshoff ◽  
H. F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Entrepreneurs ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

The literature on the biographical backgrounds of entrepreneurs seems to contain many contradictory findings. This situation can partly be due to the assumption that samples of entrepreneurs were homogeneous rather than heterogeneous. It appears as if female entrepreneurs have been less well researched than their male counterparts. Differences in the biographical backgrounds and business situation of, respectively, the white and the black entrepreneurs in South Africa have been assumed but little empirical evidence exists in this respect. Black en-trepreneurs, and female entrepreneurs are in most developed societies' minority groups and have not specifically been studied in depth - hence the present study. The biographical and business backgrounds of 569 South African entrepreneurs (106 Black and 463 White; 136 female and 433 male) were studied. One-way Analyses of Variance and Chi-squared followed by Discriminant analyses were carried out to determine whether, respectively, black and white entrepreneurs and male and female entrepreneurs differed in terms of the variables studied. Significant differences between the total group of male and female subjects were found on only five variables. White and black entrepreneurs differed statistically significantly on 16 of the 30 variables studied. Opsomming Die literatuur oor die biografiese agtergronde van entrepreneurs skyn baie teenstrydige bevindinge te bevat. Hierdie kan moontlik deels toegeskryf word aan die aanname dat steekproewe van entrepreneurs eerder homogeen eerder as heterogeen is. Dit skyn asof minder navorsing oor vroulike as oor manlike entrepreneurs gedoen is. Ten spyte van aannames in die verband, bestaan min empiriese gegewens oor die biografiese agtergronde en sake-situasie van respektiewelik wit en swart Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs. Swart en vroulike entrepreneurs is in meeste gemeenskappe minderheidsgroepe en is nog nie in diepte bestudeer nie, daarom die huidige studie. Die biografiese en sake-agtergronde van 569 Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs (106 swart en 463 wit; 136 vroulik en 433 manlik) is bestudeer. Een-rigting Analise van Variansie en Chi-kwadraat gevolg deur Diskriminant Analise is uitgevoer ten einde te bepaal of respektiewelik swart en wit en manlike van vroulike entrepreneurs in terme van die veranderlikes wat bestudeer is, verskil. Betekenisvolle verskille tussen die totale groep van manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs is slegs in terme van vyf veranderlikes gevind. Swart en wit entrepreneurs het statistics beduidend op 16 van die 30 veranderlikes in die studie ingesluit, verskil.

Barriers and Mitigating Strategies of Entrepreneurial Business Growth: The Role of Entrepreneur Race and Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Conley ◽  
Diana Bilimoria
Keyword(s):  
Business Growth ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Corporate Diversity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Barriers To Growth ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract In this study, we investigate the obstacles to growth and the mitigating strategies of high-performing (over $1 million in revenues) entrepreneurial businesses, and how these differ between businesses owned by Black and White entrepreneurs and between female and male entrepreneurs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and qualitatively analyzed using grounded theory and thematic analysis methods. Findings reveal that the lack of access to capital is faced by all groups of entrepreneurs, but that Black and female entrepreneurs additionally faced racial discrimination and gender bias obstacles to their business growth. While all entrepreneurs used social capital strategies to mitigate the barriers to growth that their businesses faced, Black and female entrepreneurs additionally employed faith and prayer as well as business engagement in governmental and corporate diversity initiatives as strategies to overcome the obstacles. Implications of the findings for the entrepreneurial business growth of racial/ethnic minority and female-owned firms are discussed.

scholarly journals Psychological career resources of working adults: A South African survey

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinde Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Career Development ◽  
South African ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Employment Equity ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Organisational Context ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

The main objective of this study was to explore broad trends regarding how individuals from various age, educational, marital, race and gender groups in the South African organisational context differ in terms of their psychological career resources, as measured by the Psychological Career Resources Inventory. A sample of 2 997 working adults registered as students at a South African higher distance education institution participated in this study. The results indicate significant differences between the various biographical variables and the participants’ psychological career resources. In the context of employment equity, and with more women entering the workplace, this study is expected to contribute important knowledge that will inform career development practices concerned with enhancing employees’ career meta-competencies as an important element of their general employability.

THE RESILIENCE OF MINORITY AND FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS: A LOOK AT ETHNICITY AND GENDER

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOIS M SHELTON ◽  
MARIA V LUGO
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
White Male ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

By exploring the resilience skills of African-American, Hispanic and female entrepreneurs, this study examines entrepreneurs who face great obstacles, but still start more businesses than their White counterparts (Fairlie and Robb, 2009). The experiences of minorities and women lead to the development of risk and protective factors that result in differences in resilience. Here we present a model of resilience informed by the psychology and educational literatures which illustrates how particular experiences of minorities and women enable them to develop higher levels of resilience. In this model, the adaptive cultures of women and minorities equip them to overcome the adversity which arises from their social stratification as marginalized groups. We then test this model using a nationally representative, stratified random sample of 340 Black, Hispanic and White male and female entrepreneurs. The empirical results from two-way ANOVAs, Kruskal-Wallis H tests and multiple regression analysis indicate that Blacks and Hispanics had higher social resilience than White entrepreneurs, and that women had greater self and social resilience than male entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals Shooting Parameters of Biathletes in Various Age Groups in 2011–2012 World Championships

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Kreivėnaitė
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Youth Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Youth Groups ◽  
Gender Research ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

Research background and hypothesis. Physical fitness problems in biathlon are quite extensively discussed, but biathlon shooting in Lithuania is not analyzed enough. The special literature lacks information about the shooting parameters that leaders demonstrate in the world biathlon championships. Moreover, shooting parameters in different age and gender groups have not been analyzed enough. The hypothesis that shooting parameters in adult, youth and junior age group biathletes would differ was tested. Research aim. The aim of our study was to analyze shooting parameters of biathletes in various age groups in 2011–2012 world championships and reveal fundamental differences in the aspects of age and gender. Research methods. Research participants were youths (age: 17–18 years), juniors (age: 19–20 years) and adults (age: 21–41 years), male and female biathletes. The number of subjects was 2175. Descriptive statistical methods were used for data analysis.Research results. Data analysis revealed the main differences in shooting parameters between adult, junior and youth groups, male and female biathletes. Also, comparison of shooting parameters between biathletes in various age groups and leaders in the same group was carried out. Discussion and conclusions. Our research revealed that the highest shooting accuracy was observed in adult male and female biathlete groups (p < 0.025). The shooting accuracy of junior and youth female biathletes was higher than that in the junior and youth male groups (p < 0.05). The longest average shooting time was in youth group (p < 0.001). The shooting time of biathletes in adult group was the shortest. We found that male biathletes in various age groups performed shots in less time compared to female biathletes (p < 0.05). Research results revealed that shooting parameters among leaders statistically significantly differed comparing them with the average shooting parameters in the group (p < 0.05).Keywords: biathlon, shooting accuracy, shooting time.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Intention: Saudi Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Adlah A. Alessa
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

The objective of this study has been to compare motivation, intention, fear of failure and self-efficacy in starting business ventures in Saudi Arabia. Inductive content analysis is used to identify the similarities and differences between two cites and groups of people in Saudi Arabia; both male and female entrepreneurs and those who have already established a business. Furthermore, the paper draws on data gathered from eight interviews in the cities of Riyadh and Jeddah. Four of these interviews were conducted with male entrepreneurs and the remaining four were with female entrepreneurs. A description and analysis of each entrepreneur was developed individually including short observations on the interviewees; noting movements and body language. We found the motivation for being one’s own boss is greater in Riyadh than in Jeddah (p=0.024) whereas self-efficacy is greater in Jeddah yet this difference is not significant. Regarding intention, no significant difference was found between region and gender. Finally, both regions consider fear of failure to be predictable. The study presents important contributions to theorists and practitioners in entrepreneurial activities in Saudi Arabia. Our research has contributed to the study in entrepreneurial motivation, intention, role of management, and role of culture of male and female entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia hence providing more knowledge and information towards the behavior of Saudi entrepreneurs. 

scholarly journals Optimism, Gratitude and Emotional Intelligence as Correlates of Self-Confidence of Early Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Sharma ◽  
Sanjay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Predictive Variables ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Age Range

The aim of the present study was to examine the emotional intelligence, gratitude and optimism as correlates of self-confidence of male and female early adults. Sample was consisted of 200 male and female post graduate students of age range 21 to 27 years. These subjects were taken from C.C.S. University Campus and degree colleges of Meerut city by quota random sampling. The measurement of variables under study was done through standardized tools individually. The tabulated data was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis using step wise method. Obtained results were showing a negative significant correlation between self-confidence and optimism and emotional intelligence at.01 level of significance in total subject and gender groups. The regression analysis has indicated that optimism and emotional intelligence were predictive variables for self-confidence of early adult subjects.

Selection of Postgraduate Students in a South African Management Programme

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Fatima Abrahams ◽  
Christian Friedrich ◽  
Nanette Tredoux
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
South African ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Student Group ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Gender Groups

South African higher education institutions are experiencing challenges regarding access, redress and the successful completion of programmes in an environment where there are still imbalances in the schooling system. Tools are needed that will assist with the process of selecting students. The aim of this study is to determine whether a test battery predicts academic success for postgraduate students at a historically disadvantaged university, and whether there are differences relating to gender and racial and language groups. The test battery considered, GRT2, was designed to measure three areas of ability – verbal, numerical and abstract reasoning. The sample consisted of an applicant group (774 candidates) and a student group (178 candidates). The internal consistency of the three subtests on the total applicant group was sufficiently reliable (above 0.8). Significant mean differences were found between the language groups and the race group for all three subtests, but only significant differences were found between the gender groups, with males obtaining higher scores. For the student group as a whole, correlations of all three subtests with both academic total and academic average marks were highly significant. In addition, the test exhibits predictive bias with regard to language, race and gender in the prediction of the academic total, and particularly for the numeric subtest. The results suggest that the test battery can help in identifying potentially successful students. However, cognisance must be taken of the differences between language groups and gender when interpreting test results. The paper contributes to the presently limited research on the validity of selection tools used in postgraduate programmes in African universities.

scholarly journals Exploring the factor structure of the Passion Scale: Are the dualistic types of passion relevant for workers in the South African context?

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marais S. Bester ◽  
Melinde Coetzee ◽  
Xander Van Lill
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
South African ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The South ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Psychological Attributes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

Orientation: It is not clear from research whether the dualistic model holds true across binary ethnic and gender groups in the South African organisational context.Research purpose: The present research aimed to test the validity and reliability of the two-factor Passion Scale and to assess for measurement invariance of the two-factor scale across binary ethnic and gender groups in the South African context.Motivation of the study: The construct of passion helps to better understand some of the psychological attributes that contribute to experiences of either well-being or strain at work and is therefore an important attribute to measure.Research approach, design and method: The study involved a convenience sample (N = 550) of managerial and staff-level South African employees from various industries with a mean age of 34 years (SD = 10.95). Confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modelling, t-tests and tests for measurement invariance were performed.Main findings: The results confirmed the validity and measurement invariance of the two-factor structure of the Passion Scale in the South African work context. The observed differences between the ethnic groups and men and women were practically small.Practical/managerial implications: Well-being interventions should consider the use of the Passion Scale as a measure of the psychological attributes that explain differentiating experiences of harmonious and obsessive passion in the workplace.Contribution/value-add: The findings provided encouraging evidence for the relevance and usefulness of the Passion Scale’s dualistic model of passion for people of different binary ethnic and gender groups in South African organisations.

scholarly journals Occupational stress in the South African police service

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Pienaar ◽  
S Rothmann
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The South ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Police Service ◽  
South African Police Service ◽  
And Gender ◽  
South African Police ◽  
Gender Groups

Policing has been described as a stressful occupation. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a measure that could be used by the South African Police Service (SAPS) to identify the frequency and intensity of occupational stressors and to assess the differences between the stressors for race, rank and gender groups. A cross sectional survey design was used. Stratified random samples (N = 2145) were taken of police members of nine provinces in South Africa. The Police Stress Inventory was developed as a measuring instrument. Three internally consistent factors were extracted through principal component analysis with a direct oblimin rotation. These factors were labelled Job Demands, Lack of Support and Crime-related Stressors. The most important stressors identified were other officers not doing their job, inadequate or poor quality equipment, inadequate salaries, and seeing criminals go free. Analysis of variance showed differences in stressors for rank, race and gender groups.

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