Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes: Psychometric Properties of a Self-Rating Scale

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Coolidge ◽  
Jacqueline A. Griego
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Scale Reliability ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
Injured Patients

This study investigated the psychometric properties of a self-rating scale designed to test the executive functions of the frontal lobes. A set of 16 items was selected, based on face validity, from the 200-item Coolidge Axis II Inventory. Cronbach scale reliability for the new scale was .72 on 1,223 purportedly normal participants. A factor analysis yielded a three-factor structure, Decision-making difficulties (8 items, 23% of the variance, scale reliability .77), Poor planning (4 items, 15% of the variance, scale reliability .63), and Task incompletion (6 items, 9% of the variance, scale reliability .66). A multivariate analysis of variance, performed on the over-all scale sum and the three subscales, between 17 closed head-injured patients and a matched control group was significant. The head-injured patients scored significantly higher on the over-all measure of executive dysfunction and higher on the decision-making difficulties subscale but not on the other two subscales.

scholarly journals Study of the Interaction between Executive Function and Adaptive Behavior at School in Girls with Fragile X Syndrome

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Lorena Joga-Elvira ◽  
Jennifer Martinez-Olmo ◽  
María-Luisa Joga ◽  
Carlos Jacas ◽  
Ana Roche-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Fragile X Syndrome ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between executive functions and adaptive behavior in girls with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) in the school setting. This study is part of a larger investigation conducted at the Hospital Parc Tauli in Sabadell. The sample consists of a total of 40 girls (26 with FXS and 14 control) aged 7–16 years, who were administered different neuropsychological tests (WISC-V, NEPSY-II, WCST, TOL) and questionnaires answered by teachers (ABAS-II, BRIEF 2, ADHD Rating Scale). The results show that there is a greater interaction between some areas of executive function (cognitive flexibility, auditory attention, and visual abstraction capacity) and certain areas of adaptive behavior (conceptual, practical, social, and total domains) in the FXS group than in the control group. These results suggest that an alteration in the executive functions was affecting the daily functioning of the girls with FXS to a greater extent.

Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial

1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Paul Muizelaar ◽  
Anthony Marmarou ◽  
John D. Ward ◽  
Hermes A. Kontos ◽  
Sung C. Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cerebral Vasoconstriction ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
To Receive

✓ There is still controversy over whether or not patients should be hyperventilated after traumatic brain injury, and a randomized trial has never been conducted. The theoretical advantages of hyperventilation are cerebral vasoconstriction for intracranial pressure (ICP) control and reversal of brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acidosis. Possible disadvantages include cerebral vasoconstriction to such an extent that cerebral ischemia ensues, and only a short-lived effect on CSF pH with a loss of HCO3− buffer from CSF. The latter disadvantage might be overcome by the addition of the buffer tromethamine (THAM), which has shown some promise in experimental and clinical use. Accordingly, a trial was performed with patients randomly assigned to receive normal ventilation (PaCO2 35 ± 2 mm Hg (mean ± standard deviation): control group), hyperventilation (PaCO2 25 ± 2 mm Hg: HV group), or hyperventilation plus THAM (PaCO2 25 ± 2 mm Hg: HV + THAM group). Stratification into subgroups of patients with motor scores of 1–3 and 4–5 took place. Outcome was assessed according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3, 6, and 12 months. There were 41 patients in the control group, 36 in the HV group, and 36 in the HV + THAM group. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale score for each group was 5.7 ± 1.7, 5.6 ± 1.7, and 5.9 ± 1.7, respectively; this score and other indicators of severity of injury were not significantly different. A 100% follow-up review was obtained. At 3 and 6 months after injury the number of patients with a favorable outcome (good or moderately disabled) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the hyperventilated patients than in the control and HV + THAM groups. This occurred only in patients with a motor score of 4–5. At 12 months posttrauma this difference was not significant (p = 0.13). Biochemical data indicated that hyperventilation could not sustain alkalinization in the CSF, although THAM could. Accordingly, cerebral blood flow (CBF) was lower in the HV + THAM group than in the control and HV groups, but neither CBF nor arteriovenous difference of oxygen data indicated the occurrence of cerebral ischemia in any of the three groups. Although mean ICP could be kept well below 25 mm Hg in all three groups, the course of ICP was most stable in the HV + THAM group. It is concluded that prophylactic hyperventilation is deleterious in head-injured patients with motor scores of 4–5. When sustained hyperventilation becomes necessary for ICP control, its deleterious effect may be overcome by the addition of THAM.

WAIS Performance during the Acute Recovery Stage following Closed-Head Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Correll ◽  
Shirley E Brodginski ◽  
Saundra F. Rokosz
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Information Processing Deficits ◽  
Injured Patients

WAIS profiles of 50 acute closed head-injured patients were examined and compared with those of 40 psychiatric inpatients. Patients with moderate and severe, but not with mild, head injury differed significantly from the control group on level of subtest performance. There was no significant interaction of group by subtest. The groups also differed significantly on a measure of between-subtest scatter. Discriminant function analysis incorporating measures of within-subtest scatter correctly classified 89% of all subjects. Within the head-injured group Similarities and Block Design scores were elevated, and the Digit Symbol score depressed. These results indicate that closed head-injured patients can be discriminated from psychiatric inpatients on the basis of WAIS performance, but that they do not necessarily show a characteristic WAIS profile. Within-subtest scatter may indicate information-processing deficits.

Visual Recognition Memory of Severely Head-Injured Patients

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan E. Brooker ◽  
Joseph C. George
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Recognition Procedure ◽  
Visual Recognition Memory ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
Injured Patients

14 severely head-injured adults were compared with 14 normals on a recognition procedure, Kimura's Recurring Figures Test, which requires identification of eight recurring shapes among a series of 160. The head-injured patients showed, by far, more incorrect responses than the control group.

scholarly journals The Effect of Violent and Melodrama Movies on Risky Decision Making and Behavioral Inhibition in Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Roya Ghandali ◽  
◽  
Peyman Hassani-Abharian ◽  
Vahid Sadeghi-Firoozabadi ◽  
Roghieh Nooripour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Introduction: Brain Functional Performance is a collection of excellent mental processing that provides a framework for achieving goals based on targeted behaviors. Disorders in executive functions make it difficult for a person to perform everyday tasks. One of the phenomena that have been highlighted in various media is the violent phenomenon that adolescents welcome with the production of violent movies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of violent movies on risky decision making and behavioral inhibition of adolescents and compare it with melodrama. Method: This study was conducted with a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group among 60 adolescents in Tehran (30 girls and 30 boys) using the available sampling method. For this purpose, neurological tests of Iowa Gambling and Go-No Go were used. Findings: The results showed that violent movies caused a significant increase in risky decision making (P<0.05). In addition, these types of movies caused a significant decrease in behavioral inhibition among adolescents (P<0.05). Conclusion: Movies that have a rude story and content that glorifies violence harm adolescents' decision making and deterrence, leading them to make risky decisions and inadequate inhibition.

Head-injured patients and control group: Implicit versus explicit measures of frequency of occurrence

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Vakil ◽  
Yehuda Biederman ◽  
Gil Liran ◽  
Zeev Groswasser ◽  
Sara Aberbuch
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
And Control ◽  
Explicit Measures

Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury

1985 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Ward ◽  
Donald P. Becker ◽  
J. Douglas Miller ◽  
Sung C. Choi ◽  
Anthony Marmarou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Severe Head Injury ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Barbiturate Coma ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
Injured Patients

✓ In certain subgroups of severely head-injured patients, the mortality rate remains unacceptably high. The authors describe a randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic pentobarbital therapy in a group of these patients. Pentobarbital was started as soon as possible after the head injury, regardless of the intracranial pressure (ICP), and was continued for a prescribed period of time. The study included 53 consecutive head-injured patients over the age of 12 years, who had either an acute intradural hematoma (subdural and/or intracerebral, large enough to warrant surgical decompression), or no mass lesion but whose best motor response was abnormal flexion or extension. All patients in the study were randomly assigned to a control group (26 cases) or a pentobarbital-treated group (27 cases) once the diagnosis had been made and informed consent obtained. All patients were treated with the same protocol of aggressive resuscitation, prompt diagnosis and treatment of mass lesions, and intensive care, with close follow-up monitoring. The randomization was effective in producing a close match between the control and treated groups with respect to age, sex distribution, cause of injury, neurological status, intracranial lesions, prevalence of early systemic insults, midline shift, and initial ICP. Outcome was essentially the same in each group. There was no difference between groups in the incidence of elevated ICP, the duration of ICP elevation, or the response of ICP elevations to treatment. Arterial hypotension occurred in 14 patients (54%) in the treated group and only two patients (7percnt;) in the untreated group. Based on these data the authors cannot recommend the prophylactic use of pentobarbital coma in the treatment of patients with severe head injury. They also believe that its use is accompanied by significant side effects which can potentially worsen the condition of a patient with severe head injury.

A Japanese Scale to Assess Anxiety Severity: Development and Psychometric Evaluation

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chizu Mimura ◽  
Miho Nishioka ◽  
Noriyuki Sato ◽  
Ryoko Hasegawa ◽  
Ryu Horikoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Psychometric Evaluation ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Hamilton Rating Scale

Objective: This study developed a Japanese self-rating anxiety scale, the Himorogi Self-rating Anxiety Scale (HSAS), and tested psychometric properties of its use in Japanese psychiatric patients. Methods: The process of developing the scale consisted of an intensive literature review, assessment of existing instruments, and detailed discussion on the content of the newly developed scale. Data for psychometric evaluation were collected from 419 outpatients of psychiatric clinics. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety Interview Guide (HAMA-IG) and the Sheehan Patient Rated Anxiety Scale (SPRAS) were used as standards against which the HSAS was compared. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a unifactorial nature for the HSAS and fewer insignificant items in the HSAS than the HAMA-IG and the SPRAS. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest coefficients indicated sufficient reliability. High correlation with the HAMA-IG and the SPRAS indicated evidence of convergence for the HSAS. ROC analysis showed high ability to distinguish between the presence and absence or remission of anxiety. Analysis of descriptive data suggested a larger dynamic range for the HSAS than the HAMA-IG and the SPRAS. Conclusions: The HSAS is a brief scale to assess anxiety severity, demonstrating evidence of good psychometric properties. It is recommended for use in research and clinical practice.

Executive Functioning Impairments in Adolescents with Early Diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S217-S218
Author(s):  
N. Nazarboland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Competing Interest

Despite the neuropsychology literature provide reliable evidence of impaired executive functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), it has not been determined whether these deficits are prior to onset of the disorder or they begin to appear as consequence. To investigate whether recent onset of OCD in adolescence is characterized by executive functioning difficulties in behavioral inhibition, attentional flexibility, and decision-making. Executive functions were compared in adolescents with recent (past year) appearance of OCD symptoms (n = 40) and control group (n = 40). Three computerized tests within the CANTAB battery were completed by all subjects (the Affective Go/No Go task, the Intra-Dimensional, Extra-Dimensional Set-Shifting task, and the Decision-Making task). Using one-way ANOVA showed that compared with control group, the OCD adolescents displayed a bias towards negative stimuli with less errors on sad and hopeless words on the Affective Go/No Go task. They also made faster decisions while they bet more of their available points compared to controls, in the Decision-Making task. Adolescents with recent OCD diagnosis (less than one year) showed greater attention towards sad and hopeless stimuli and more impulsive behavior when making decisions. However, they were able to switch attentional set to neutral stimuli. These findings suggest that executive functioning impairments can characterize adolescence OCD from early beginning of the disorder.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

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