Gender Stereotypes after Thirty Years: A Replication of Rosenkrantz, et al. (1968)

2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel N. Nesbitt ◽  
Nolan E. Penn
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Partial Replication ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Very High

This study is a partial replication of the 1968 investigation by Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, and Broverman of gender stereotypes among college students. Like the students studied 30 years ago, male and female participants in this study showed very high agreement about the typical characteristics of men and women. However, current participants identified significantly fewer gender stereotypes than did those in the earlier study. In contrast to the participants in the original study, current participants judged the traits they associated with women to be significantly more socially desirable, in general, than the traits they associated with men.

Come-ons and Put-offs: Unmarried Students' Strategies for Having and Avoiding Sexual Intercourse

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi B. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Sex Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Encounters

One-hundred and twenty male and 109 female unmarried college students participated in a questionnaire study of actual and expected male-female differences in the use of 10 strategies for having and avoiding sexual intercourse. As predicted, both men and women viewed strategies for having sex as used predominantly by males and strategies for avoiding sex as used predominantly by females. However, sex-role attitudes were unrelated to students' expectations of sexual encounters. Both traditional and profeminist students expected that strategies for having sex would be used predominantly by males and strategies for avoiding sex would be used predominantly by females. It appeared that students still stereotyped having sex as a male goal and avoiding sex as a female goal. Men and women were unexpectedly similar in their personal strategies for influencing a sexual encounter. Both men and women reported using more indirect strategies to have sex and more direct strategies to avoid having sex. These findings suggest that when men and women share the same goals (such as having or avoiding sex), expected differences between male and female influencing agents disappear

Changes in Self-Concept during Therapeutic Community Treatment: A Comparison of Male and Female Drug Abusers

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Wheeler ◽  
D. Vincent Biase ◽  
Arthur P. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Therapeutic Community ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Community Treatment ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Community Treatment

Self-concepts of men and women in treatment in a therapeutic community were tested using the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS). Testing occurred at four points, the first between three and six months after entering treatment, and again at approximately four month intervals. The 127 males and 42 females were part of the Daytop Miniversity project, in which the effect of enrollment as matriculated college students on self-concept was one area which was tested. Changes in the selfconcepts of men and women as measured by five empirically derived factors, plus the scales of the TSCS, are traced. Particularly striking are the negative selfconcepts of females preparing to leave treatment in the areas of acceptance by family, self, and peers. An awareness of these problem areas may suggest different treatment strategies for women as they near the end of treatment.

Use of Animal and opposite Drawings in Assessment of Gender Identity of Young Adults

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-993
Author(s):  
Michael Fleming ◽  
Deborah Cohen ◽  
Patricia Salt
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Drawing Technique

The results of an analysis of responses to the Animal and Opposite Drawing Technique are presented for 134 male and female college students matched on age and education. The majority of both men and women drew same-sexed animals first, and just over half drew second animals which they identified as being of the opposite sex of their first drawings. Implications for the use of this technique to assess an individual's gender identity and other prominent concerns are discussed.

A Comparison of Male and Female College Students' Experiences of Sexual Coercion

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia F. O'Sullivan ◽  
E. Sandra Byers ◽  
Larry Finkelman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Great Degree ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College

Research comparing men's and women's experiences of sexual coercion has typically assessed differences in prevalence rates and risk. We extended this line of research by comparing the contexts of sexual coercion and reactions to sexually coercive experiences in an attempt to understand the meanings that men and women attribute to these events. Participants were 433 randomly selected college students who responded to an anonymous survey. In line with past research, more men than women reported being sexually coercive, and more women than men reported being sexually coerced in the preceding year. There was a great degree of correspondence between men's and women's reports of the contexts within which sexual coercion occurred. According to their reports, sexual coercion occurred primarily within the heterosexual dating context. Compared to men, however, women reported more negative reactions and stronger resistance to the use of sexual coercion. These findings emphasize how comparisons of prevalence rates alone may obscure important differences in the phenomenology of sexually coercive incidents for men and women. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for the development of education and prevention programs and the need to reevaluate current approaches to interpreting prevalence reports.

scholarly journals The Complimenting Behavior of Iraqi College Students: Same-Gender Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Jathla Mahmood ◽  
Osamah Ali
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Study ◽  
Effective Factor ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Same Gender

This study aims at finding out the similarities and differences in complimenting behavior of same-gender Iraqi college students: (male-male, and female-female). Eighty students (40 males, and 40 females) from the Iraqi University participated in the current study. The data is collected by using a questionnaire. The results show that men and women compliment in exactly the same frequencies. Women favor appearance as a compliment topic while men favor ability & skill. Both men and women compliment mainly to strengthen relationships. Being from a city other than Baghdad proved to be an effective factor on some of the results. The results are analyzed, discussed, and compared to the work of previous researchers.

scholarly journals Gender stereotypes in Spanish phraseology

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1709
Author(s):  
Enrique Gutiérrez Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Family Activities

In this paper the results of research on gender stereotypes underlying Spanish phraseology are presented. Its main aim is to reveal which gender stereotypes are explicitly or implicitly present in commonly used contemporary Spanish Phraseological Units (PUs). In order to achieve this goal, all PUs associated with men and women documented in the most complete dictionary of current Spanish phraseology (Diccionario fraseológico documentado del español actual: locuciones y modismos españoles) have been analysed. In order to systematize the analysis, an inventory of stereotypes has been collected and split into five main thematic categories: physical characteristics; attitude, personality and abilities; sexuality; family; activities and professions. Moreover, a sixth, transversal category has been added – the opposite male and female conceptualisations of the passing of time.

scholarly journals Contemporary University Students' Ratings of Characteristics of Men, Women, and Ceos

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1197-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianne Kunkel ◽  
Michael Robert Dennis ◽  
Elisha Waters
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Chief Executive Officer ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Middle Manager ◽  
Corporate America ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Organizational Hierarchy ◽  
Female Ceos

Very few women have reached the highest echelons of corporate America, perhaps because gender stereotypes, including perceptions of women that vary from those of successful executives, block their promotion and advancement. In the current study, differences in how participants perceive similarities in characteristics of successful executives and those of both men and women were studied. The scope of the extant program of research is also extended upward in the organizational hierarchy with the operationalization of executive as “CEO” (Chief Executive Officer) rather than as “manager” or “middle-manager.” While men in general continue to be likened more to successful executives than do women in general, the gaps between male and female CEOs' similarities and between successful male and female CEOs' similarities to prototypically successful executives were smaller than reported in the 1970s. Noteworthy trends regarding 92 characteristics from Schein's Descriptive Index are also discussed.

What is in a Smile?

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine M. Deutsch ◽  
Dorothy LeBaron ◽  
Maury March Fryer
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College ◽  
Verbal Descriptions ◽  
Average Woman

Women have been observed to smile more than men in a variety of social contexts. In order to investigate the consequences of this sex difference for the way men and women are perceived, male and female college students rated the characteristics of men and women depicted in verbal descriptions accompanied by photographs in which they either smiled or did not smile. In control conditions these targets were rated without accompanying photographs. The findings showed that the absence of smiles had a greater impact on perceptions of women than on perceptions of men. When not smiling, women were perceived as less happy, less carefree and less relaxed than were men. Moreover, nonsmiling women were rated less happy, less warm, less relaxed and less carefree than the average woman, whereas smiling men were rated more favorably on those traits than the average man. These results suggest that different standards are applied to men and women. If women fail to perform expressive and warm nonverbal behavior, they will be evaluated more harshly than men.

scholarly journals ГЕНДЕРОВАНА МОВА В ГАЗЕТНОМУ Й ТЕЛЕВІЗІЙНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ УКРАЇНИ: СУЧАСНЕ БАЧЕННЯ

2020 ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
S. Ostapchuk
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Professional Communication ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Language Communication ◽  
The Media ◽  
Gender Theories

<p><em>The article describes the generic differentiation of nouns for the designation of persons in the modern newspaper and TV space; covered the use of gender endings in the language practice of mass communication; it is determined that forms of both genera – male and female can be formed from most profession’s names. Attention is paid to the expediency of using feminine and masculine or common gender instead of the common masculine. Gender issues in language communication are discussed. Gender and professional communication has outlined.</em></p><p><em>In the scientific context, different approaches to gender theories have been covered: sociological and linguistic. The general tendency of the gender approach to socio-cultural reality is revealed: naming the feminitives and masculinitives, social roles and processes, giving them the features, expressiveness.</em></p><p><em>There are two sets of feminitives: the first is nouns that call women by different characteristics: family ties, nationality, profession, position, and so on. The second group of feminitives are nouns that call females animals.</em></p><p><em>It has been established that the media play an important role in shaping public opinion, evaluating events, influencing the image of modern men and women and shaping our gender stereotypes.</em></p><p><em>It is revealed that the most productive is the suffix – k-, by which the most feminine innovations are now formed, the suffix – its- – the second word-forming productivity, the suffix – in- generates feminitives from the masculine bases to – ets, – log or consonant.</em></p><p><em>It is revealed that the new spelling has approved the use and the most productive models of feminitives’ creation.</em></p><p><em>It has been found that the most promising and well-grounded area of analysis of the peculiarities of male and female language is the study of the tactics of speech behavior of men and women in different communicative situations, taking into account the cultural tradition of a particular society.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>gender, gender language, language culture, gender endings, feminitives, gender differentiation of nouns, gender approach, media, TV space.<strong></strong></em></p>

scholarly journals Gender identities in e-shop perfume descriptions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Katarína Nemčoková ◽  
Zdena Kráľová ◽  
Aneta Holíková ◽  
Daniel P. Sampey
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Verbal Description ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Olfactory Experience ◽  
Point Of Purchase ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Perfume descriptions serve as an important persuasive tool in fragrance advertising. Scents traditionally elude clear verbal description, yet perfumes are nowadays frequently sold online, with no direct olfactory experience on the part of the consumer at the point of purchase. The products are thus often represented by metaphorical means depicting a desirable experience or portraying attractive identities of wearers, including stereotypical images of men and women. This article analyses 80 e-shop fragrance descriptions equally divided among adverts targeted at males and females. The sample texts were collected randomly from British and American e-shops, with the primary research objective to determine how male and female identities are reflected in these descriptions. The method of discourse analysis was applied and the AntConc 3.4.4 toolkit was used to calculate the frequency of words and their collocations. It was found that current female perfume descriptions on e-shops generally suppress gender stereotypes quite successfully, while gender stereotyping is more prominent in male perfume descriptions. The possible causes as well as ramifications of this disparity are also discussed.

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