Abstract P497: Myocardial Infarct Outcome And Weight Gain In Menopause Mice Are Mitigated During Probiotic Oligofructose Treatment

The average woman spends over 40% of their life in menopause, during which estrogen’s protective roles are lost and women suffer an increased risk of developing inflammatory pathologies including obesity and worsened cardiovascular disease outcomes. Yet, safe, and effective menopause therapies are still unavailable. The gut microbiome impacts both metabolic and circulating estrogen homeostasis. A dysbiotic (unhealthy) gut can contribute to pathologies that are also observed during menopause including increased obesity and worsened myocardial infarct (MI) outcomes. We have previously demonstrated that gut manipulation through prebiotics (Oligofructose [OFS]), attenuates myocardial infarct injury, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced weight gain in mice. We hypothesize that loss of estrogen during menopause results in intestine morphological and microbial changes, worsens MI outcomes and increases weight gain, which can be mitigated with OFS treatment. Menopause was induced in female mice fed a high-fat-diet (HFD, 45% fat) via 4-vinylcycohexane diepoxide intraperitoneal injections (controls were injected with sesame oil), menopause (14+days diestrus) was determined by cytology. Following menopause, mice were treated for 6wks with 10% OFS supplemented into the diet (provided ad libitum; controls were fed HFD food only). Mice underwent 3day permanent ligation prior to sacrifice. We observed that menopause results in increased villi density in the duodenum and ileum, and that menopausal mice had a significant increase in both duodenum villi length and wall thickness. Menopause was associated with a shift in the gut microbiota composition. Relative abundance of Alistipes was reduced in menopausal mice, compared to premenopausal mice, and is restored with OFS treatment. Furthermore, menopausal mice had increased weight gain and infarct size compared to premenopausal mice, and OFS attenuated the differences between menopause and perimenopause weight gain over time and infarct size. Together these data demonstrate menopause is associated with intestinal morphological changes and shifts in the gut microbiome, and that in the presence of OFS infarct size and weight gain in menopausal mice are mitigated.

Nasty Women: Transgressive Womanhood in American History

The saying goes that well-behaved women rarely make history. For centuries, American women have been carving out spaces of their own in a male-dominated world. From politics, to entertainment, to their personal lives, women have been making their mark on the American landscape since the nation’s inception, often ignored or overlooked by those creating the record. This collection takes the long view of the American woman and examines her transgressive behavior through the decades. Including stories of women enslaved, early celebrities, engineers, and more, these essays demonstrate how there is no such thing as an “average” woman, as even those ordinary women are found doing extraordinary things. This collection comes at a particularly poignant time, as August 2020 markedthe 100th anniversary of the ratification and adoption of the19th amendment, which – in a landmark for women’s right – granted American women the right to vote.

Pornography: How Does the Boomer Generation and Older Predict Others’ Viewing Time?

The increase of exposure to online pornography has decreased the age of initial exposure to pornography. However, very little is known about the outcomes resulting from increased pornography exposure in the Baby Boomer generation and beyond. The current study asked what predictors were significant in individuals born in 1965 and earlier when predicting the perceived pornography viewing time for the average man and woman. To answer this question, a nationally representative population (N = 1073, 510 males) completed a web-based survey measuring the age of the participant, gender of the participant, self-directed sexual behaviors (“How frequently have you masturbated while viewing pornography alone?”), partner-directed sexual behaviors (“How frequently have you viewed pornography with a partner?”), a religiosity index (“How important is your religion?”), and the predicted perceived time that a woman and man watches pornography, Results showed that perceived time that the average man spent viewing pornography was significantly predicted by age of the participant, gender of the participant, self-motivated sexual behaviors and partner-motivated sexual behaviors. Religiosity was not a significant predictor. In the regression predicting perceived time that the average woman viewed pornography were age of the participant, self-motivated sexual behaviors, and partner-motivated sexual behaviors. Gender of the participant and religiosity of the participant were not significant predictors. Further research should expand this work to a lifespan perspective and longitudinal studies.

Levels of Living of Woman Labour Households in Rural Punjab: An Empirical Study

Based on primary data collected from 1017 woman labour households spread over the three geographical regions of Punjab, the study brought out that the levels of living of these households were very low. A large majority of the respondents were living in semi-pucca houses and most of their houses were in dilapidated condition. The woman labour households, on an average, earned `77198.48, and spent `85621.77 annually in the rural areas of Punjab. Out of the total consumption expenditure, 57.34 percent was spent on non-durable items. Because of the excess of consumption expenditure over the household income, the average propensity to consume worked out to be 1.11 for an average woman labour household. As a result, an average household in the sample incurred a deficit. The study revealed that a large majority (93.71 percent)of the woman labour households were under debt. The average amount of debt per household was recorded at `53916.45. The estimated value of their household assets worked out to be `132386.26 out of which 62.93 percent was only shared by the dwelling houses. To improve the economic conditions of woman labour households, the central and state governments must take strong initiatives for creating sufficient employment opportunities and should effectively implement the policies meant for them.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INCOME AND POVERTY STATUS OF WOMEN IN KOKORO (CORN SNACK) PRODUCTION AND ARABLE CROPS PRODUCTION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

The study analyzed the poverty status of women producing Kokoro (Corn snack) and women producing arable crops in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 208 respondents made up of 106 women producing Kokoro (Corn snack) and 102 women producing arable crops to serve as control group were selected. The respondents were selected based on non- probability method. Purposive sampling technique with Snowball method was used. Data were obtained by structured interview schedule. Data collected were analysed using FGT poverty index, costs and return and t-test statistics. The results indicated that 34.9kg of maize were processed into 128 dozens of Kokoro (Corn snack) per production run over an average of five (5) days, with six (6) production runs per month for nine months for the period of the research. The mean Kokoro (Corn snack) production cost was N42, 769.41/ respondent/ month with average revenue of N92, 253.60/ respondent/ month and net income of N49, 484.19/ respondent/ month. Income from Kokoro (Corn snack) production accounted for 53.4% of the total household income of N721,323.67 of an average woman engaged in Kokoro (Corn snack) production while farm income accounted for 67.9% of the total household income of N418, 935.10 of an average woman producing arable crops. The study also revealed that households of Kokoro (Corn snack) producers had mean per capita household income of N282.32 per person per day which was significantly higher (p<0.01) than those of women producing arable crops, N191.29 per person per day. Thus Kokoro (Corn snack) production has the potentials to enhance income and reduce poverty among households of rural women. The study thus recommends promotion of value- adding activities, such as maize processing into Kokoro as a means of enhancing income and reduces poverty among the rural folks.

BUILDING OF AN AVERAGE WOMAN IMAGE IN MEMOIRS ON MAKHNOVSHCHINA

The study addresses the memoirs of Natalia Sukhogorskaya “The memory of the Makhnovshchina” (1927) to restore the life of an ordinary woman under the power of Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine. In the Nestor Makhno’s capital Huliaipole, autobiographical heroine immerses herself in the atmosphere filled with legends about Makhno. Thus the author generates two narrative tendencies: autobiographical and folkloric ones. The rumors nurture the autobiographical heroine’s fears. From this perspective, author shows the identities of the heroine. The first of them — the motherhood — is not jeopardized under Makhno since he is friendly to children. The second is the refugee. Affiliation to the female sex also protects Sukhogorskaya under the rebels` sway. School as her job gives her an inviolable status. Her more vulnerable position is related to her identity as intelligentsia representative, seeing that the rebels didn’t like this social stratum. The perspectives of author and autobiographical heroine are often intersecting, yet the paper proves able to clarify the author’s functions who acts as a writer giving characteristics of internal movements of his personages. The author also appears as a historian who generalizes in hindsight and as a folklorist who records and reproduces oral stories, legends and rumors of the Civil war times. Fear for the life and the desire to survive become main motivators for the residents during the war, so that against this backdrop the author`s political views remain unclear.

Reactions to Male-Favouring versus Female-Favouring Sex Differences: A Pre-Registered Experiment and Southeast Asian Replication

Two studies investigated: (1) how people react to research describing a sex difference, depending on whether that difference favours males or females; and (2) how accurately people can predict how the average man and woman will react. In Study 1, Western participants (N = 492) viewed a fictional popular-science article describing either a male-favouring or a female-favouring sex difference (i.e., men/women draw better; women/men lie more). Both sexes reacted less positively to the male-favouring differences, judging the findings to be less important, less credible, and more offensive, harmful, and upsetting. Participants predicted that the average man and woman would react more positively to sex differences favouring their own sex. This was true of the average woman, although the level of own-sex favouritism was lower than participants predicted. It was not true, however, of the average man, who – like the average woman – reacted more positively to the female-favouring differences. Study 2 replicated these findings in a Southeast Asian sample (N = 336). Our results are consistent with the idea that both sexes are more protective of women than men, but that both exaggerate the level of same-sex favouritism within each sex – a misconception that could potentially harm relations between the sexes. Link to published version: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bjop.12463

THE SWEET ICES FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

Daily food consumption norms of an average woman and a pregnant woman have been analysed. It has been established that in a pregnant woman’s diet, it is necessary to increase the content of proteins, fibre, vitamins C, E, D, PP, and B, and reduce fats, carbohydrates (easily digestible), vitamins B5 and H, sodium, magnesium, salts, and water. Taking into account the above-mentioned requirements, eight recipe compositions of sweet ices based on plant raw materials have been suggested. The recipes were selected by linear programming using MS Excel. The products have a low calorific content (26–137 kcal per 80 g), and an increased nutritional value (due to vitamin C, carotene, etc.). For the first time, cereals, various types of seeds, nuts, have been put into the recipe of sweet ices, as well as raw materials, which eliminate physiological complications during pregnancy. The products developed differ in their composition and are made without sugar. However, some recipes include small quantities of honey as it is highly palatable. The chemical composition of the new sweet products has been studied and analysed in details and sugar/acid indices have been calculated. The developed ices have a slightly acidic taste or no acidity at all, which corresponds to the values of sugar/acid indices 13.4–26.6, while the sample from the store, selected for comparison, contains a large amount of sugars, as evidenced by the cloying taste and high sugar/acid index (more than 30). The source of fatty acids in sweet ice for pregnant women Joy is almond nuts. The results of the chromatographic study have shown that this product as for the quantitative fatty acid composition, meets the current requirements. We recommend introducing the sweet ice manufacture technology on the equipment already in use in canneries. The products are formed (poured into moulds where wooden sticks are then inserted) in a Hassia machine. One of the main operations, freezing, is done in a quick freezer GyroFreze. We also recommend manufacturing sweet ices using existing restaurant equipment.