scholarly journals A Study of Paratyphoid Fever in Bulgarian Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
M. Pavlova ◽  
E. Alexandrova ◽  
Y. Kalchev ◽  
V. Velev ◽  
M. Murdjeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Abstract Objective. To study both the molecular discrimination of D-tartrate fermenting and non-fermenting strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Paratyphi B isolated from patients with paratyphoid fever and the clinical course of this disease. Materials and methods. The isolates examined were from children aged 3 months to 9 years. A total of 33 Salmonella strains were serotyped as Salmonella Paratyphi B, with an antigenic formula based on O- and H- antigens: 1,4, [5], 12: b: 1,2 by Kauffmann–White classification. Results. Multiplex PCR analysis confirmed all tested strains as d-tartrate fermenting (dT+), also referred to as variant Java. Discussion. We found that the most common cause of paratyphoid fever among children in Bulgaria is variant Java Salmonella Paratyphi B. Most children had classic symptoms of acute gastroenteritis – fever, watery diarrhea and vomiting.

scholarly journals Isolation of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT+, or Salmonella Java, from Indonesia and alteration of the d-tartrate fermentation phenotype by disrupting the ORF STM 3356

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1661-1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Ho Han ◽  
Seon Young Choi ◽  
Je Hee Lee ◽  
Hyejon Lee ◽  
Eun Hee Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Nucleotide Difference ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Functional Product ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Discrimination Method

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi B [O1,4,(5),12 : Hb : 1,2] can cause either an enteric fever (paratyphoid fever) or self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. The d-tartrate non-fermenting variant S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT− (S. Paratyphi B) is the causative agent of paratyphoid fever, and the d-tartrate fermenting variant S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT+ (S. Paratyphi B dT+; formerly called Salmonella Java) causes gastroenteritis. S. Java is currently recognized as an emerging problem worldwide. Twelve dT+ S. Java isolates were collected in Indonesia between 2000 and 2002. One-third of them contained Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1), which gives the multidrug-resistant phenotype to the bacteria. In this study, a PCR-based method to detect a single nucleotide difference responsible for the inability to ferment d-tartrate, reported elsewhere, was validated. The d-tartrate fermenting phenotype of S. Java was converted to the non-fermenting phenotype by the disruption of the ORF STM 3356, and the d-tartrate non-fermenting phenotype of the ORF STM 3356-disrupted strain and the dT− reference strain was changed to the dT+ phenotype by complementing ORF STM 3356 in trans. The results show that the dT+ phenotype requires a functional product encoded by STM 3356, and support the use of the PCR-based discrimination method for S. Paratyphi B and S. Java as the standard differentiation method.

Clinical Profiles of Childhood Astrovirus-, Sapovirus-, and Norovirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis in Pediatric Emergency Departments in Alberta, 2014-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian A M Tarr ◽  
Emily Downey ◽  
Xiao-Li Pang ◽  
Ran Zhuo ◽  
Ali J Strickland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Clinical Profiles

Abstract Background Infections by previously under-diagnosed viruses astrovirus and sapovirus are poorly characterized compared to norovirus, the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. Methods Children <18-years-old with acute gastroenteritis were recruited from pediatric emergency departments in Alberta, Canada, 2014-2018. We described and compared the clinical course of acute gastroenteritis in children with astrovirus, sapovirus, and norovirus. Results Astrovirus was detected in 56/2,688 children (2.1%), sapovirus in 146/2,688 (5.4%), and norovirus in 486/2,688 (18.1%). At illness onset, ~60% of astrovirus cases experienced each of diarrhea and vomiting. Among sapovirus and norovirus cases, 35% experienced diarrhea at onset and 80%/91% (sapovirus/norovirus) vomited; however, diarrhea became more prevalent than vomiting around day 4 of illness. Over the full course of illness, diarrhea was 18% (95% CI 8%, 29%) more prevalent among children with astrovirus than norovirus infections, as well as longer with greater maximal events; there were median 4.0 fewer maximal vomiting events (95% CI 2.0, 5.0). Vomiting continued median 24.8 hours longer (95% CI 9.6, 31.7) among children with sapovirus vs. norovirus. Differences between these viruses were otherwise minimal. Conclusion Sapovirus infections attended in the emergency department are more similar to norovirus than previously reported, while astrovirus infections have several distinguishable characteristics.

scholarly journals Ty21a Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine and Prevention of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S24-S28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myron M. Levine ◽  
Catterine Ferreccio ◽  
Robert E. Black ◽  
Rosanna Lagos ◽  
Oriana San Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

scholarly journals Genome-wide analysis provides a deeper understanding of the population structure of the Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B complex in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Isfat Ara Rahman ◽  
Alyce Taylor-Brown ◽  
Farhana Khanam ◽  
Ashraful Islam Khan ◽  
Gal Horesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Enteric Disease ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

The Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B complex causes a wide range of diseases, from gastroenteritis to paratyphoid fever, depending on the biotypes Java and sensu stricto. The burden of Paratyphi B biotypes in Bangladesh is still unknown, as these are indistinguishable by Salmonella serotyping. Here, we conducted the first whole-genome sequencing (WGS) study on 79 Salmonella isolates serotyped as Paratyphi B that were collected from 10 nationwide enteric disease surveillance sites in Bangladesh. Placing these in a global genetic context revealed that these are biotype Java, and the addition of these genomes expanded the previously described PG4 clade containing Bangladeshi and UK isolates. Importantly, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were scarce amongst Bangladeshi S. Java isolates, somewhat surprisingly given the widespread availability of antibiotics without prescription. This genomic information provides important insights into the significance of S. Paratyphi B biotypes in enteric disease and their implications for public health.

scholarly journals Multiplex PCR for Identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A by Selective Amplification of tyv, prt, viaB, fliC-d and fliC-a Genes

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Ashna J. Faik ◽  
Ali Hussain Al-wardy ◽  
Raghad Abdul Elah Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Flagellin Gene ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
D Antigen ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Vi Antigen

Salmonellosis is responsible for large number of infections in both human and animals. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a causative agent of typhoid fever and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A is a causative agent of paratyphoid fever. Conventional methods of isolation of Salmonella strains take 4-6 days to complete and are therefore laborious and require substiantial manpower. Therefore development of a PCR assay that can target multiple genes for rapid detection of S. Typhi and S.Paratyphi A. Methods: Synthetic primers for O, H, and Vi antigen genes, tyv , prt , fliC-d, fliC-a, and viaB, were used for the rapid identification of S. Typhi and Paratyphi A with Multiplex PCR. Results: All the clinical isolates examined were accurately identified by this PCR technique, that differentiated S. Typhi and Paratyphi A, based on size and number of amplified fragments. S. enterica serovar Typhi, yielded four bands of tyv(tyvelose epimerase gene, 615bp),prt (paratose gene, 258bp),flic-d(phage-1 flagellin gene for d- antigen 750bp) and viaB ( vi antigen gene, 439bp); S.enterica serovar Paratyphi A yielded only two bands prt (paratose gene, 258bp) and flic-a (phage-1 flagellin gene for a- antigen 329bp). Conclusion: These data indicate that multiplex PCR is a potentially valuable tool for rapid diagnosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A from clinical isolates.

scholarly journals In Vitro Synergism of Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime against Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotypes Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 3696-3701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh Prasad Neupane ◽  
Dong-Min Kim ◽  
Sung Hun Kim ◽  
Bok Kwon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Rifampin Resistance ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Time Kill

ABSTRACT Paratyphoid fever is considered an emerging systemic intracellular infection caused by Salmonella enterica serotypes Paratyphi A, B, and C. We performed in vitro time-kill studies on three clinical isolates of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella serotype Paratyphi (NARSP) with different concentrations of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime to identify combinations of antibiotics with synergistic activity against paratyphoid fever. Furthermore, we identify the frequency of mutations to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and rifampin resistance and also sequenced the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes to identify the cause of resistance in NARSP. When the activity of ciprofloxacin at 0.75× MIC (0.012 to 0.38 μg/ml) with cefotaxime at the MIC (0.125 to 0.25 μg/ml) against all three NARSP isolates was investigated, synergy was observed at 24 h, and the bacterial counts were reduced by >3 log10 CFU/ml. This synergy was elongated for up to 72 h in two out of three isolates. When ciprofloxacin at 0.75× MIC (0.012 to 0.38 μg/ml) was combined with cefotaxime at 2× MIC (0.25 to 0.50 μg/ml), synergy was prolonged for up to 72 h in all three isolates. Both Salmonella serotype Paratyphi A isolates carried single mutations in codon 83 of the gyrA gene and codon 84 of the parC gene that were responsible for their reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, while no mutations were found in the gyrB or parE gene. The ciprofloxacin-plus-cefotaxime regimen was very effective in reducing the bacterial counts at 24 h for all three isolates, and this combination therapy may be helpful in reducing the chance of the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants in patients with severe paratyphoid fever.

scholarly journals Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Miriam Cordovana ◽  
Norman Mauder ◽  
Markus Kostrzewa ◽  
Andreas Wille ◽  
Sandra Rojak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Bacterial Typing ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typhi, 23 S. Paratyphi A, 23 S. Paratyphi B, and 7 S. Paratyphi C, respectively and other phylogenetically closely related Salmonella serovars belonging to the serogroups O:2, O:4, O:7 and O:9 were tested. The strains were derived from clinical, environmental and food samples collected at different European sites. Applying artificial neural networks, specific automated classifiers were built to discriminate typhoidal serovars from non-typhoidal serovars within each of the four serogroups. The accuracy of the classifiers was 99.9%, 87.0%, 99.5% and 99.0% for Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and Salmonella Paratyphi C, respectively. The IR Biotyper is a promising tool for fast and reliable detection of typhoidal Salmonella. Hence, IR biotyping may serve as a suitable alternative to conventional approaches for surveillance and diagnostic purposes.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae from Ice and Beverages Sold in Jakarta, Indonesia, Using Most Probable Number and Multiplex PCR

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA E. WATURANGI ◽  
NATANIA PRADITA ◽  
JESSICA LINARTA ◽  
SWAPAN BANERJEE
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Tropical Regions

Vibrio cholerae is well recognized as the causative agent of cholera, an acute intestinal infection characterized by watery diarrhea that may lead to dehydration and death in some cases. V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of the aquatic environment in the tropical regions. Jakarta has the highest percentage of individuals affected by sporadic diarrheal illness compared with other areas in Indonesia. Inadequate safety measures for drinking water supplies, improper sanitation, and poor hygiene can increase the risk of cholera outbreaks. Few studies have been conducted on the prevalence of these bacteria in ice and beverages that are popularly sold and consumed in Jakarta. In this study, we detected and quantified V. cholerae from ice and beverages collected from several areas in five regions of Jakarta. Levels of V. cholerae in both ice and beverages were determined with the three-tube most-probable-number (MPN) method and ranged from <0.3 to >110 MPN/ml. The presence of regulatory and virulence gene sequences was determined by using uniplex and multiplex PCR assays. Of 110 samples tested, 33 (30%) were positive for V. cholerae; 21 (64%) were ice samples and the remaining 12 (36%) were beverages. A total of 88 V. cholerae strains were isolated, based on the presence of the toxR gene sequence identified by PCR. Other genetic markers, such as hlyA (59%), ompU (16%), and ctxA (19%), also were found during the search for potential pathogenic strains. The detection and isolation of potentially harmful V. cholerae from ice and beverages in Jakarta indicate that these products pose a health risk from choleragenic vibrios, particularly because of the emergence of classical biotypes of V. cholerae O1 and potentially harmful non-O1 serovars of this species.

Investigation of Children with Acute Gastroenteritis by Multiplex PCR Method in Central Part of Turkey

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Yılmaz ◽  
Havva Kaya ◽  
Mehmet Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Norovirus Gii

Abstract Objective Gastroenteritis is a disease that affects all age groups, especially children, and causes high mortality and morbidity in all countries. The most common agents of acute gastroenteritis are viral agents. As a result, millions of diarrhea attacks and hospital admissions occur worldwide every year due to viral gastroenteritis. This study uses the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to investigate the viruses that are the causative agents of viral gastroenteritis in the pediatric patient group in Konya, Turkey. Methods Stool samples of 94 patients aged 0 to 18 years sent from Emergency clinics and Pediatric outpatient clinics, Meram Medical Faculty Hospital Pediatric clinics, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University to Medical Microbiology Laboratory with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis between February and December 2018 were included in the study. Stool samples were stored at –80°C until the time of the analysis. Deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid isolation from stool samples was performed with EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) using an automatic extraction system (BioRobot EZ1 system, Qiagen). The presence of astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus (GI, GII), and sapovirus agents was investigated by the multiplex PCR method (Fast Track Diagnostics, Luxembourg) viral gastroenteritis kit. Results Viral gastroenteritis agents were detected in 56.3% of the patients. One viral agent was detected in 47 (50%) of these patients and at least two viral agents in 6 (6.3%) of them. Norovirus GII was detected in 20 (21.2%) of the children included in the study, adenovirus in 13 (13.8%), rotavirus in 11 (12.8%), astrovirus in 11 (11.7%), sapovirus in 4 (4.2%), and norovirus GI in 1 (1.06%). When the distribution of viral agents was examined by months, the most number of agents were observed (21; 35%) in May, followed by April and June (12; 20%). Considering the distribution of the prevalence of the agents by age, it was seen to be mainly between 0 and 12 months (42%). Conclusion Considering that the most common viral agent in our region is norovirus GII, it will be useful to investigate the norovirus that is not routinely examined in children who are admitted to clinics with the complaint of gastroenteritis. It will be appropriate to examine routinely adenovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus in the laboratory, especially in children with diarrhea and vomiting in the winter and spring months.

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