scholarly journals High-Energy Diet at Antepartum Decreases Insulin Receptor Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue of Postpartum Dairy Cows

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Zhang ◽  
Jianguo Wang ◽  
Ruifeng Gao ◽  
Weiqian Zhang ◽  
Xinwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Insulin Receptor Gene ◽  
Energy Group ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine expression of gene of insulin receptor (INSR) in adipose tissue of postpartum dairy cows fed diets containing different amounts of energy at the antepartum period. Healthy pregnant dairy cows (n=45) on 21st d of the antepartum were divided into three groups differing in diet composition, namely: control group fed a normal diet, high energy group fed a high energy diet, and low energy group fed a low energy diet. Twenty-one days after parturition, INSR gene expression in adipose tissue was determined by internally controlled reverse transcriptase PCR. The level of INSR mRNA in adipose tissues of cows fed the high energy diet was substantially lower than that in cows fed normal or low energy diets. A relatively higher level of INSR mRNA in the adipose tissue of cows fed low energy diet may be beneficial for gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, which can relieve an energy negative balance. Reduced level of INSR mRNA in adipose tissue of cows fed high energy diet indicates that the response to insulin has significantly decreased.

scholarly journals Ruminal Microbiota and Fermentation in Response to Dietary Protein and Energy Levels in Weaned Lambs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaokang Lv ◽  
Kai Cui ◽  
Minli Qi ◽  
Shiqin Wang ◽  
Qiyu Diao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Energy Group ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Supplying sufficient nutrients, such as dietary energy and protein, has a great effect on the growth and rumen development of ruminants. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy and protein levels on growth performance, microbial diversity, and structural and physiological properties of the rumen in weaned lambs. A total of 64 two-month-old Hu lambs were randomly allotted to 2 × 2 factorial arrangements with four replicates and with four lambs (half male and half female) in each replicate. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (ME = 10.9 MJ/Kg or 8.6 MJ/Kg), and the second factor was two levels of dietary crude protein (CP) content (CP = 15.7% or 11.8%). The trial lasted for 60 days. A low dietary energy level restrained the growth performance of lambs (p < 0.05). The ruminal concentration of acetate and the ratio of acetate to propionate increased but the propionate concentration decreased significantly with the low energy diet. However, the rumen morphology was not affected by the diet energy and protein levels. Moreover, a low energy diet increased ruminal bacterial diversity but reduced the abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria (p < 0.05) and genus Succinivibrionaceae_uncultured (p < 0.05), which was associated with the change in ruminal fermentation phenotypes. By indicator species analysis, we found three indicator OTUs in the high energy group (Succinivibrionaceae_uncultured, Veillonellaceae_unclassified and Veillonellaceae_uncultured (p < 0.01)) and two indicator OTUs in the low energy group (Bacteroidales_norank and Lachnospiraceae_uncultured (p < 0.01)). In conclusion, these findings added new dimensions to our understanding of the diet effect on rumen microbial community and fermentation response, and are of great significance for establishing the optimal nutrient supply strategy for lambs.

Prepartal dietary energy alters transcriptional adaptations of the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue of dairy cows during the transition period

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 328-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Selim ◽  
S. Salin ◽  
J. Taponen ◽  
A. Vanhatalo ◽  
T. Kokkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Overfeeding during the dry period may predispose cows to increased insulin resistance (IR) with enhanced postpartum lipolysis. We studied gene expression in the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of 16 Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows fed either a controlled energy diet [Con, 99 MJ/day metabolizable energy (ME)] during the last 6 wk of the dry period or high-energy diet (High, 141 MJ/day ME) for the first 3 wk and then gradually decreasing energy allowance during 3 wk to 99 MJ/day ME before the expected parturition. Tissue biopsies were collected at −10, 1, and 9 days, and blood samples at −10, 1, and 7 days relative to parturition. Overfed cows had greater dry matter, crude protein, and ME intakes and ME balance before parturition. Daily milk yield, live weight, and body condition score were not different between treatments. The High cows tended to have greater plasma insulin and lower glucagon/insulin ratio compared with Con cows. No differences in circulating glucose, glucagon, nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and hepatic triglyceride contents were observed between treatments. Overfeeding compared with Con resulted in lower CPT1A and PCK1 and a tendency for lower G6PC and PC expression in the liver. The High group tended to have lower RETN expression in SAT than Con. No other effects of overfeeding on the expression of genes related to IR in SAT were observed. In conclusion, overfeeding energy prepartum may have compromised hepatic gluconeogenic capacity and slightly affected IR in SAT based on gene expression.

scholarly journals The Effect of Swimming Training and Cinnamon Consumption on the Gene Expression of GLUT4 and Insulin Receptor in the Brown Adipose Tissue of Diabetic Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Khajehlandi ◽  
Amin Mohammadi ◽  
Mojtaba Karimi Fard
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Simultaneous Implementation

Background: The effect of training on the gene expression of GLUT4 and insulin receptor (IR) has been investigated in some studies, but the simultaneous effect of swimming training along with cinnamon consumption is unknown. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of six weeks of swimming training with cinnamon consumption on the gene expression of GLUT4 and IR in the brown adipose tissue of diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 28 diabetic rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven animals, including 1- control (C), 2- cinnamon (Ci), 3- swimming (S), and 4- swimming plus cinnamon (S + Ci). Rats in groups 3 and 4 trained for six weeks and five sessions. Groups 2 and 4 received 200 mg/kg/day. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test at the level of P ≤ 0.05. Results: The gene expression of GLUT4 and IR in the S, Ci, and S + Ci groups was significantly (P = 0.001) higher than the control group. Also, the gene expression of GLUT4 and IR in the S group was significantly (P = 0.001) higher than the Ci and S + Ci groups. Conclusion: Swimming training and cinnamon consumption and their simultaneous implementation had a significant effect on increasing the gene expression of GLUT4 and IR in the brown adipose tissue of diabetic rats. On the other hand, swimming training alone had a greater effect than cinnamon consumption and swimming plus cinnamon consumption.

Effects of restrictions of energy, protein or both on growth and body composition of pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Carden ◽  
P. R. Goenaga
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Protein

SummaryAn experiment was carried out, using Duroc Jersey barrows, to test the hypothesis that relationships within the pig fat-free carcass remain unaltered when varying the principal dietary factors: energy, protein or both. Twelve pigs were assigned to each of the following diets: high energy-high protein (HEHP), used as control group; low energy-high protein (LEHP); high energy-low protein (HELP) and low energy-low protein (LELP). From 30 kg live weight onwards the animals were individually penned and fed once a day the experimental rations, on a restricted scale of feeding related to live weight. Compared with the control group, daily intake of metabolizable energy was approximately 37% lower in LEHP and LELP groups while daily protein intake was approximately 25% lower in HELP and LELP groups.In each group the 12 pigs were slaughtered between 60 and 110 kg. The right half carcasses were completely dissected using strictly anatomical criteria. The main growth characteristics of the four treatments were described by second degree polynomials fitted to the live weight-age data. Each treatment produced a characteristic growth curve. In every case significant differences were found in the polynomial coefficients. Data on body composition were subjected to analysis of covariance, using the linear model y = a + bx. When growth of different parts of a whole were studied the weight of that whole was used as the independent variable. When muscle:bone ratio was examined the weight of total side muscle was used as covariate in the covariance analysis for total side bone.The major treatment effects were on the relationship between fat and non-fat tissues in the carcass. Thus, in relation to dissected side weight, HELP animals had more fat and less muscle and bone than controls, while LEHP and LELP pigs had more muscle and bone and less adipose tissue. Within the fat-free carcass several differences were found on muscle weight distribution. LEHP, HELP and LELP pigs had a higher proportion of ‘expensive muscles’. However, the magnitude of these changes was small and likely to be of little commercial importance. On the other hand, only minor differences were found in bone weight distribution. These were confined to the scapula and femur. Muscle:bone ratio was not affected by the treatments. Within the adipose tissue differences were observed in growth rates from the different depots relative to total side fat. Thus, it would appear that the growth rate of the subcutaneous depot was higher and that of the intermuscular one lower in LEHP and LELP animals. The body cavity depot was less in these animals.

Effect of chronic food restriction on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in castrate male sheep

1997 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
C L Adam ◽  
P A Findlay ◽  
C E Kyle ◽  
P Young ◽  
J G Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Male Sheep

Abstract Castrate male sheep (wethers, average liveweight 38 ± 0·6 kg) were given one of the following diets for 10 weeks followed by euthanasia (n=8/group): high-energy high-protein providing 1·5 times the energy required to maintain liveweight (maintenance) (group 1·5M), low-energy low-protein at 0·5 maintenance (0·5M), or low-energy high-protein at 0·5 maintenance (0·5M+P). 1·5M wethers gained 22% liveweight whereas 0·5M and 0·5M+P wethers lost 18 and 13% liveweight respectively. Relative to the 1·5M group, the 0·5M and 0·5M+P groups had similar plasma concentrations of glucose and cortisol throughout, but elevated non-esterified fatty acids (P<0·001) and reduced IGF-I and insulin (P<0·05, 0·01 or 0·001) from 1 week onwards. Each week blood samples were taken every 12 min for 4 h and plasma assayed for LH. Mean concentration over 4 h, LH pulse frequency and LH pulse amplitude showed no progressive change in 1·5M sheep. However, in both 0·5M and 0·5M+P groups mean LH increased (P<0·001 and P<0·01 respectively), pulse frequency decreased (P<0·01 and P<0·01) and pulse amplitude increased (P<0·001 and P<0·01) over the 10-week period. Anterior pituitary LH content was greater in 0·5M (P<0·01) and 0·5M+P (P<0·05) than in 1·5M sheep. Coronal sections (20 μm) of hypothalamic brain tissue were subjected to in situ hybridisation to determine gene expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY mRNA was concentrated in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence, with total amounts greater in both 0·5M (310%, P<0·001) and 0·5M+P (333%, P<0·01) groups than in 1·5M sheep (100%). These data reveal that chronic low dietary energy intake by long-term castrates, with high or low protein intake, reduces LH pulse frequency but increases the circulating levels of LH by virtue of an increase in pulse amplitude, and concomitantly increases hypothalamic NPY gene expression. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 152, 329–337

The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets and yearling hens

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. The efficiency of food conversion by pullets and yearlings fed on high- and low-energy diets has been determined.2. Egg production was slightly higher by birds fed the low-energy diet for both pullets and yearling hens; pullets laid more eggs than yearling hens.3. For each age, the gross food intake was greater for birds fed the low-energy diet; the consumptions of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both diets and both ages of bird.4. The food cost per dozen eggs was slightly greater in the yearling year when the cost of rearing the pullets was ignored, and about the same when it was included.5. The efficiency of utilization of digestible energy and protein showed only a slight decrease from the pullet to the yearling year.6. The variation in the composition and digestibility of eighteen consecutive mixes of the highenergy diet and twenty-five of the low-energy diet was: crude protein 2%, non-protein digestible energy 5% and metabolizable energy 0·4 kg. cal./g. The digestibility of the crude protein and oil was 87%, for both diets; carbohydrates were 81% digestible in the high-energy diet and 59% in the low-energy diet.

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