scholarly journals Immunoreactivity of the calbindin D28k in the parahippocampal gyrus of chinchilla

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391
Author(s):  
Radosław Szalak ◽  
Jadwiga Jaworska-Adamu ◽  
Karol Rycerz ◽  
Paweł Kulik ◽  
Marcin Bartłomiej Arciszewski
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Entorhinal Area ◽  
Calbindin D28k ◽  
Retzius Cells ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Ten adult male chinchillas were used. The localisation of calbindin D28k (CB) was examined with the use of two types of reactions: immunocytochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase and immunofluorescence staining with a specific monoclonal antibody against CB. Immunocytochemical examination demonstrated the presence of CB-positive neurons in the following layers of all parts the parahippocampal gyrus (PG): marginal, external cellular, middle cellular, and internal cellular, i.e. in entorhinal area, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the presence of CB in both Hu C/Dimmunoreactive (IR) neurons and nervous fibers of the PG. CB-IR neuronal cell bodies were moderately numerous (ca. 10% of Hu C/D-IR neurons) and clearly distinguished from the background. Each layer of the brain area consisted of two types of neurons: pyramidal and multiform. Among the second type of neurons, four kinds of morphologically different neuronal subclasses were observed: multipolar, bipolar, round, and Cajal-Retzius cells. It is concluded that the expression of CB in the PG of the chinchilla is species specific and limited to several subclasses of neurons

Low-affinity sulfonylurea binding sites reside on neuronal cell bodies in the brain

1997 ◽  
Vol 745 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambrose A Dunn-Meynell ◽  
Vanessa H. Routh ◽  
Joseph J McArdle ◽  
Barry E Levin
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Phagocytic Activities of Reactive Microglia and Astrocytes Associated with Prion Diseases Are Dysregulated in Opposite Directions

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1728
Author(s):  
Anshuman Sinha ◽  
Rajesh Kushwaha ◽  
Kara Molesworth ◽  
Olga Mychko ◽  
Natallia Makarava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Reactive Microglia ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Myelin Debris ◽  
Neurotoxic Effects ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Phagocytic Uptake

Phagocytosis is one of the most important physiological functions of the glia directed at maintaining a healthy, homeostatic environment in the brain. Under a homeostatic environment, the phagocytic activities of astrocytes and microglia are tightly coordinated in time and space. In neurodegenerative diseases, both microglia and astrocytes contribute to neuroinflammation and disease pathogenesis, however, whether their phagocytic activities are up- or downregulated in reactive states is not known. To address this question, this current study isolated microglia and astrocytes from C57BL/6J mice infected with prions and tested their phagocytic activities in live-cell imaging assays that used synaptosomes and myelin debris as substrates. The phagocytic uptake by the reactive microglia was found to be significantly upregulated, whereas that of the reactive astrocytes was strongly downregulated. The up- and downregulation of phagocytosis by the two cell types were observed irrespective of whether disease-associated synaptosomes, normal synaptosomes, or myelin debris were used in the assays, indicating that dysregulations are dictated by cell reactive states, not substrates. Analysis of gene expression confirmed dysregulation of phagocytic functions in both cell types. Immunostaining of animal brains infected with prions revealed that at the terminal stage of disease, neuronal cell bodies were subject to engulfment by reactive microglia. This study suggests that imbalance in the phagocytic activities of the reactive microglia and astrocytes, which are dysregulated in opposite directions, is likely to lead to excessive microglia-mediated neuronal death on the one hand, and the inability of astrocytes to clear cell debris on the other hand, contributing to the neurotoxic effects of glia as a whole.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Detection of Prion Protein in Sheep with Scrapie

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice M. Miller ◽  
Allen L. Jenny ◽  
William D. Taylor ◽  
Richard F. Marsh ◽  
Richard Rubenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prion Protein ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Histopathologic Evaluation ◽  
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy ◽  
The Brain

Prion protein (PrP), which is involved in the pathogenesis of scrapie, occurs in 2 forms. The form extracted from scrapie brain is protease resistant (PrP-res), whereas PrP from normal brain is protease sensitive (PrP-sen). This study examined whether PrP-res could be detected in brains of sheep with scrapie by immunohistochemistry (IHC). A suitable IHC procedure was developed using brain tissue from hamsters that had been inoculated with the transmissible mink encephalopathy agent. Tissue samples were fixed in PLP (periodate, lysine, paraformaldehyde) that contained paraformaldehyde at a concentration of 0.125%. Before application of the IHC technique, tissue sections were deparaffinized and treated with formic acid to simultaneously enhance PrP-res immunoreactivity and degrade PrP-sen. Primary antibody was obtained from a rabbit immunized to PrP-res extracted from brains of mice with experimentally induced scrapie. Brains from 21 sheep with histopathologically confirmed scrapie were examined by IHC. In all 21 brains, PrP-res was widely distributed throughout the brain stem. Staining was particularly intense in neuronal cell bodies and around blood vessels. The IHC technique successfully detected PrP-res in brain samples that had been frozen or that were severely autolyzed before fixation in PLP. Brains from 11 scrapie-suspect sheep that were not considered histologically positive were also examined by IHC. PrP-res was found in 4 of these brains. Sections of brains from 14 clinically normal sheep did not have detectable PrP-res. Results of this study indicate that IHC detection of PrP-res is equivalent, and perhaps superior, to histopathology for the diagnosis of scrapie in sheep. Furthermore, IHC is applicable to tissues that have autolytic changes or processing artifacts that prevent satisfactory histopathologic evaluation for lesions of scrapie.

scholarly journals Absence of pituitary prolactin epitopes in immunoreactive prolactin of rat brain.

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
R E Harlan ◽  
J G Scammell
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Pituitary Prolactin ◽  
The Brain

Immunoreactive prolactin (ir-PRL) in rat brain has been consistently documented. However, the identity of this ir-PRL is controversial. Ir-PRL is defined by its ability to bind to PRL antibodies. All previous studies of brain ir-PRL have used polyclonal antibodies, at least one of which apparently crossreacts with a portion of the proopiomelanocortin molecule. To begin to define the epitopes comprising ir-PRL in the brain, we utilized two monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that recognize pituitary PRL in a variety of species, including rat. Immunocytochemistry was performed on rat brains and pituitary glands using two monoclonal and one polyclonal PRL antibody. Although both MAb immunostained lactotrophs of the rat pituitary gland, neither antibody immunostained cell bodies or neuronal processes in the brain. However, the polyclonal antiserum immunostained lactotrophs and a system of neuronal cell bodies and processes in the brain. Thus, epitopes found in pituitary PRL from several species are not found in ir-PRL in rat brain.

scholarly journals Glial fibrillary acidic protein in regenerating teleost spinal cord.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1099-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Anderson ◽  
K A Swanson ◽  
S G Waxman ◽  
L F Eng
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Acidic Protein ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Immunohistological and ultrastructural studies were carried out on normal and regenerating spinal cord of the gymnotid Sternarchus albifrons, and in the brain and spinal cord of the goldfish Carassius auratus, to examine the distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in these tissues. Sections of normal goldfish brain and spinal cord exhibited positive staining for GFAP. In normal Sternarchus spinal cord, electron microscopy has revealed filament-filled astrocytic processes; however, such astrocytic profiles were more numerous in regenerated cord. Likewise, while normal Sternarchus spinal cord showed only a small amount of GFAP staining, regenerated cords were strongly positive for GFAP. Positive staining with anti-GFAP was observed along the entire length of the regenerated cord in Sternarchus, and was especially strong in the transition zone between regenerated and unregenerated cord. Both regeneration of neurites and production of new neuronal cell bodies occur readily in such regenerating Sternarchus spinal cords (Anderson MJ, Waxman SG: J Hirnforsch 24: 371, 1983). These results demonstrate that the presence of GFAP and reactive astrocytes in Sternarchus spinal cord does not prevent neuronal regeneration in this species.

scholarly journals Microglia monitor and protect neuronal function through specialized somatic purinergic junctions

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 367 (6477) ◽  
pp. 528-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba Cserép ◽  
Balázs Pósfai ◽  
Nikolett Lénárt ◽  
Rebeka Fekete ◽  
Zsófia I. László ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Calcium Load ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Microglia are the main immune cells in the brain and have roles in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases. Mechanisms underlying microglia–neuron communication remain elusive. Here, we identified an interaction site between neuronal cell bodies and microglial processes in mouse and human brain. Somatic microglia–neuron junctions have a specialized nanoarchitecture optimized for purinergic signaling. Activity of neuronal mitochondria was linked with microglial junction formation, which was induced rapidly in response to neuronal activation and blocked by inhibition of P2Y12 receptors. Brain injury–induced changes at somatic junctions triggered P2Y12 receptor–dependent microglial neuroprotection, regulating neuronal calcium load and functional connectivity. Thus, microglial processes at these junctions could potentially monitor and protect neuronal functions.

scholarly journals Release of chemical transmitters from cell bodies and dendrites of nerve cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1672) ◽  
pp. 20140181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco F. De-Miguel ◽  
John G. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Snare Proteins ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Brain

Papers in this issue concern extrasynaptic transmission, namely release of signalling molecules by exocytosis or diffusion from neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons and glia. Problems discussed concern the molecules, their secretion and importance for normal function and disease. Molecules secreted extrasynaptically include transmitters, peptides, hormones and nitric oxide. For extrasynaptic secretion, trains of action potentials are required, and the time course of release is slower than at synapses. Questions arise concerning the mechanism of extrasynaptic secretion: how does it differ from the release observed at synaptic terminals and gland cells? What kinds of vesicles take part? Is release accomplished through calcium entry, SNAP and SNARE proteins? A clear difference is in the role of molecules released synaptically and extrasynaptically. After extrasynaptic release, molecules reach distant as well as nearby cells, and thereby produce long-lasting changes over large volumes of brain. Such changes can affect circuits for motor performance and mood states. An example with clinical relevance is dyskinesia of patients treated with l -DOPA for Parkinson's disease. Extrasynaptically released transmitters also evoke responses in glial cells, which in turn release molecules that cause local vasodilatation and enhanced circulation in regions of the brain that are active.

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

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